13 Colonies The Colonies Come of Age

1. 13 ColoniesThe Colonies Come of Age The colonies develop representative government and political rights that are influenced by the British political system. Britain defeats France in North America. Tensions grow between Britain and its colonies. Colonial slavery becomes entrenched particularly in the South

2. England and its Colonies • The main purpose of the colonial system was to enrich Great Britain. • English settlers export raw materials; import manufacture goods • Mercantilism—countries must get gold, silver to be self-sufficient • Favorable balance of trade means more exports than imports!

3. British Politics • American representative government develop as a result of the transfer of political ideas from Britain and the circumstances of the new world. • The ideas that transferred from Britain to America were based off of the: • Magna Carta: established that Englishmen had the right to be consulted on taxes and the right to be tried by a jury of their peers • English Bill of Rights: restated that people had the right to be consulted on taxation through their representative • Also established that the King’s power was limited by parliament • States that people have a right to religious freedom

4. America develops representative government • The VA House of Burgess, the Mayflower Compact, and the New England town hall meetings are ALL examples of early representative government. • VA House of Burgess: property owners could vote; maintained order • Mayflower Compact: principle that government gets its power from the people • Town hall meeting: town representatives would vote on issues • All 13 colonies established a representative assembly which had the right to levy (impose and collect) taxes.

5. The Navigation Acts • Parliament—England’s legislative body • England sees colonial sales to other countries as economic threat • 1651 Parliament passes Navigation Acts: laws which restrict colonial trade

6. King James unpopular in England: is Catholic, disrespects Parliament Glorious Revolution—Parliament asserts its power over monarch, 1689 Parliament crowns Mary (James’s daughter) and William of Orange William and Mary agree to follow the English Bill of Rights They are forced to recognize the supremacy of parliament. [These two acts will influence the colonists] The Glorious Revolution

7. England Loosens the Reins

8. Salutary Neglect • Parliament’s control of England was limited by distance and desire. • The English government followed a policy of salutary neglect- left the colonists to govern themselves. • England’s salutary neglect—does not enforce laws if economic loyal to the throne. • The colonial assemblies had the right to tax the colonists.

9. The Seeds of Self Government • Even though the colonies were self-governed through the policy of salutary neglect, they still had a royal governor. • Colonial assembly influenced the governor because they paid his salary= power of the purse. • Colonist still consider themselves British, but want self-government!! • It was when Britain ended its policy of salutary neglect that the colonists rebelled.

10. New Ideas Influence the Colonists

11. The Enlightenment • For centuries philosophers used reason, science to explain world • Enlightenment—movement in 1700s emphasizing reason, observation • Enlightenment ideas spread quickly through books, pamphlets • Benjamin Franklin embraces Enlightenment; other colonial leaders adopt Enlightenment views such as Thomas Jefferson who used reason to conclude that people had natural rights.

12. The Great Awakening • Puritans lose grip on Massachusetts society, membership declined • Jonathan Edwards preaches people are sinful, must seek God’s mercy • Great Awakening—religious revival of 1730s and 1740s • Native Americans, African Americans, colonist joined new organized churches • Interest in learning increases; Protestants found colleges • Both movements question authority, stress individuals importance and emphasized emotionalism

13. The lasting effects of the Great Awakening and Enlightenment • Both caused people to question authority. • Both stressed the importance of the individual: Enlightenment by human reason and the Awakening by deemphasizing the church authority. • These led to the British colonists questioning the monarchy.

14. British victory over French in North America enlarges the British empire but leads to new conflicts with the colonist The French and Indian War

15. Britain and France compete • In 1750s, Britain, France build empires; both want Ohio River Valley

16. France’s North American Empire • France claims St. Lawrence River region, Mississippi Valley • By 1754, French colony of New France has small population • French colonist mostly fur traders, missionary priests • French have good relations and military alliances with natives

18. The War Begins • France and Britain had fought two inconclusive wars in early 1700s • French had built a fort in Ohio Valley, land claimed by Virginia--British • In 1754, George Washington was sent to evict French. He was defeated!

19. During the French and Indian War • During the war, the British abandoned the policy of salutary neglect and began enforcing mercantilism by cracking down on smuggling. • The British win the war!

20. 1st Political Cartoon • Drawn in 1754 by Benjamin Franklin to show colonial disunity and to persuade the colonies to join together to fight the French.

21. Treaty of Paris 1763 • French and Indian war officially ended with the Treaty of Paris signed in 1763. • Conditions of the Treaty: • Britain claims all land East of the Mississippi R. • Britain gets FL from the Spanish • Spain gets all land west of the Mississippi R including New Orleans

22. British and Indian Relations • The Native Americans soon realized that they had fared better with the French than with the British. • The British retaliated against an attack from the Indians by giving them smallpox infested blankets. • This weakened the Indians, thus forcing them to sign a treaty with the British. • Proclamation of 1763: • Banned all English settlement west of the Appalachians

23. British Policies Anger Colonists • The halt to western expansion upset the colonists • Tensions in Massachusetts colony increased over British crackdown on smuggling. • Writs of assistance passed by the British allowed searches of ships, businesses, and homes! • This outraged the colonists!

24. Problems Continue after the War • Colonists felt threatened by British troops stationed in colonies. • The cost of the French and Indian war caused Britain to change her policies towards the colonies to achieve greater control and to impose taxes to help pay the war debt!! • Parliament passed the Sugar Act: • Duty on foreign molasses halved • New duties placed on other imports • Smuggling cases go to vice-admiralty court, not a colonial court which would’ve been more sympathetic.