Answer the following…

1. Answer the following… • Compare and contrast jawless fish to Cartilaginous fish • Organisms that use external fertilization usually produce more eggs at one time than organisms that use internal fertilization. What might explain this difference • A student takes fish A from and saltwater tank and fish B from a freshwater tank. The student then returns each fish to the wrong tank, and the next day both fish are dead. Form a hypothesis that explains why

2. Bony Fish

3. Bony Fish Characteristics • There are about 24,000 species of bony fish • There are two types of bony fish • 1. Ray-finned fishes • 2. Lobe-finned fishes • They are considered one of the most successful vertebrates • All bony fish have a strong endoskeleton made completely of bone • A lateral line, opercula, and swim bladders are structural adaptations that have led to their success • A very small number of bony fish have lungs • Bony fish have scales that cover the body • Scales protect the fish and reduce friction while swimming

4. Lateral Line • Bony fish have a fully developed lateral line system • When water pushes against the fish’s side, nerve impulses from sensory cells in the lateral line go to the brain • This allows the fish to be aware of its position and rate of movement • It also allows a fish to detect an object by movement of water deflected by that object

5. Gill Cover • Most bony fish have an operculum • An operculum is a hard plate that is attached to each side of the head, that covers the gills and is open at the rear • Movements of the opercula and nearby muscles draw water over the gills, which allows the fish to take in oxygen • This allows bony fish to take in oxygen while remaining in place compared to sharks and other fish that have to move forward to take in oxygen • The ability to take in oxygen without movement allows bony fish to conserve their energy

6. Swim Bladder • A bony fish’s body is denser than the water and would sink without a swim bladder • By adjusting the fish’s swim bladder gas content bony fish can regulate their buoyancy • As the swim bladder fills with gas the fish rises • As the swim bladder empties the fish sinks • Bony fish do not have to keep swimming to keep from sinking • Bony fish also have highly mobile paired fins which enable bony fish to turn sharply and paddle backwards and therefore keep them from sinking

7. Ray-Finned fishes • Most bony fishes are ray-finned fishes • Their fins are supported by bony structures called rays • Teleosts are the most advanced type of ray-finned fish • Teleosts have very mobile fins, thin scales, and completely symmetrical tails • 95% of all living fish are Teleosts • Teleosts are so successful because of their ability to suck food towards their mouth due to its ability to protrude its upper jaw forward in order to grasp food An example of a Teleost is the perch

8. Lobe-Finned Fish • Only seven species of lobe-finned fishes exist today • One species is the coelacanths and the other six species are lungfishes • The fins of lobe-finned fish are muscular structures supported by bone • The bones of the fin are connected by joints • The bony rays of lobe-finned fish are found only at the tips of the fins and each bony ray can be moved individually by the muscles in the fin • Lobe-finned fish was the direct ancestor of amphibians and all other land vertebrates

9. Introduction to the Perch • Scientific Name: Percaflavens • Size: About 0.3m long and up to 2.3 kg • Range: Found in lakes and rivers from the Great Lakes to the Alantic coast and as far south as South Carolina • Habitat: Lives concealed among vegetation • Diet: Feeds on insect larvae, crustaceans, and other fishes • Reproduction: Female perch lay strings of eggs that are fertilized externally and the young hatch within days

10. Yellow Perch External Anatomy

11. Yellow Perch Internal Anatomy