1. Reform

1. 1. Reform • The improvement or amendment of what is wrong or corrupt

2. 2. Retro • to do again

3. 3. Revolution • rapid change

4. 4. Empire • an extended area under central control

5. 5. Civilization • A complex culture in which large numbers of people share basic elements, such as a social structure, religion, and art.

6. 6. Morals • Concerned with the principles and rules of right conduct or the distinction between right and wrong.

7. 7. Ethical • Being in accordance with the rules or standards for right conduct or practice. This is similar to morals.

8. 8. Analyze • To examine critically, so as to bring out the essential elements or give the essence of.

9. 9. Rule of Law • A state of order in which events conform to the law. All are equal under the law.

10. 10. Principles • A fundamental, primary, or general law or truth from which others are derived.

11. 11. Philosophy • An organized system of thought. The term comes from the Greek word meaning “love of wisdom.”

12. 12. Human Nature • The psychological and social qualities that characterize humankind. Is man essentially good or bad?

13. 13. Constitution • The system of fundamental principles according to which a nation, state, corporation, or the like, is governed.

14. 14. Aristotle • One of the great Greek philosophers, Aristotle focused on analyzing and classifying things based on observation and investigation. He was a student of Plato.

15. 15.Relate • To bring into or establish association, connection, or relation

16. 16. Political System • The arrangement, organization of a nation, city, or institution into levels, practices, and power structure, e.g. democracy, republic, monarchy, totalitarianism, and etc.

17. 17. Plato • Student of Socrates, he felt the ideal state should have an upper class of philosophers and kings, and second of warriors, and last the common people. He wrote the Republic.

18. 18. System • a coordinated body of methods or a scheme or plan of procedure; organizational scheme:

19. 19. Judeo-Christian • of or pertaining to the religious writings, beliefs, values, or traditions held in common by Judaism and Christianity.

20. 20. illegitimate • unlawful; illegal

21. 21. Liberty • freedom from control, interference, obligation, restriction, hampering conditions, etc.; power or right of doing, thinking, speaking, etc., according to choice.

22. 22. Contrast • to compare in order to show unlikeness or differences; note the opposite natures, purposes, etc.,

23. 23. Montesquieu • He used the scientific method to make a close study of governments. In a way, he was the first political scientist. Separation of powers into different branches

24. 24. Ideology • the body of doctrine, myth, belief, etc., that guides an individual, social movement, institution, class, or large group, e.g. liberal, conservative

25. 25. Individual • a single human being, as distinguished from a group.

26. 26. Rousseau • He thought up the idea so a social contract, which was an agreement among the whole society that would be governed by the general will.

27. 27. Enduring • lasting; permanent

28. 28. Machiavelli • 1469-1527, he wrote the Prince. It was a practical handbook on how a ruler stays in power.

29. 29. Nation-State • a sovereign state inhabited by a relatively homogeneous group of people who share a feeling of common nationality.

30. 30. Madison • The 4th president of the United States. One of the influential leaders along with Thomas Jefferson.

31. 31. Expectation • the act or state of looking forward or anticipating.

32. 32. Citizen • a native or naturalized member of a state or nation who owes allegiance to its government and is entitled to its protection

33. 33. Monarchy • supreme power or sovereignty held by a single person. e.g. king

34. 34. Bolivar • He and Jose de San Martin were members of the Creole elite and were hailed as the “Liberators of South America”.

35. 35. Jefferson • The 3rd President of the United States. Drafted the Declaration of Independence.

36. 36.Bison • Mistakenly called buffalo. They once roamed the Great Plains in the millions. They were killed by European settlers to eliminate the Native Americans.

37. 37. English Bill of Rights • It set forth Parliaments right to make laws and levy taxes. The Bill of rights helped create a system of government based on law and a freely elected Parliament.

38. 38. Magna Carta • In 1215, it was the British document stating that the king must obey and respect the law.

39. 39. Declaration of Independence • 1776 document written by Thomas Jefferson. It was influenced by John Locke. It explains the break between the colonial government and England.

40. 40. Constitutional Monarchy • A monarchy that is limited by laws and a constitution.

41. 41. Congress of Vienna • They met to undo the changes during the French Revolution. They believed that the French Revolution was too liberal.

42. 42. Patriarchal • A society, including Mesopotamia, which was dominated by men.

43. 43. King Solomon • He ruled from about 970 B.C. This great king expanded the government and army and encouraged trade.

44. 44. Israel • After King Solomon's death, the empire split into two kingdoms, _____ and Judah.

45. 45. Judah • After King Solomon's death, the empire split into two kingdoms, Israel and _________.

46. 46. Judaism • Monotheistic religion developed among the Israelites

47. 47. Monotheistic • They believe in one God, not many.

48. 48. Prophets • God used religious teachers as a voice to speak to his people.

49. 49. Confucius • A philosopher who lived in the sixth century B.C. He traveled the length of China, observing society and seeking employment as a political counselor. He never received a political appointment, but became a teacher to hundreds of students.

50. 50. Tyrants • Ruler who seizes power by force and not objects to the law.