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LAPORAN LABA RUGI KOMPREHENSIF

LAPORAN LABA RUGI KOMPREHENSIF . Topik. Kegunaan dan Keterbatasan Income Statement Manajemen Laba Laporan Laba Rugi menurut PSAK 1 Operasi dalam Penghentian PSAK 58 Laporan Laba Rugi menurut US-GAAP. Income Statement. Usefulness. Evaluate past performance. Predicting future performance.

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LAPORAN LABA RUGI KOMPREHENSIF

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  1. LAPORAN LABA RUGIKOMPREHENSIF

  2. Topik • Kegunaan dan Keterbatasan Income Statement • Manajemen Laba • Laporan Laba Rugi menurut PSAK 1 • Operasi dalam Penghentian PSAK 58 • Laporan Laba Rugi menurut US-GAAP

  3. Income Statement Usefulness • Evaluate past performance. • Predicting future performance. • Help assess the risk or uncertainty of achieving future cash flows. Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

  4. Income Statement Limitations • Companies omit items that cannot be measured reliably. • Income is affected by the accounting methods employed. • Income measurement involves judgment. Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

  5. Income Statement Quality of Earnings • Companies have incentives to manage income to meet or beat Wall Street expectations, so that • market price of stock increases and • value of stock options increase. Quality of earnings is reduced if earnings management results in information that is less useful for predicting future earnings and cash flows. Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

  6. Earning Management – Manajemen Laba • Earnings management sering disebut creative accounting practices, income smoothing, income manipulation, agresive accounting, financial numbers game danlain-lain. • Istilahterakhir yang banyakdigunakandikalanganpasar modal diAmerika (US SEC) adalah financial shenanigans • Earnings management dapat dilakukan dari tingkatansopandantidakberbahaya (benign) sampaidengantingkatankotor (penipuan) danmembahayakanpublikataulebihdikenaldenganistilah fraudulent financial statement (HowartSchilit, 2002).

  7. Definisi • Menurut Scott (2000): Earnings management is the choice by a manager of accounting policies so as to achieve some specific objectives. Karenamanajemendapatmemilihkebijakanakuntansidariberbagaipilihankebijakanmakawajarjikamanajemenakanmemilihkebijakanakuntansiuntukmemaksimalkanutility-nyadan/atauuntukmemaksimalkannilaiperusahaan (value of the firm). • Menurut C Mulford and E Commiskey (2002) : Earnings management is the active manipulation of accounting results for the purpose of creating an altered impression of business performance

  8. Tujuan • Tujuandilakukannya earnings management adalahuntukmemberikanfleksibilitaskepadamanajemenuntukmelindungidiridanperusahaannyadalammenghadapikeadaan yang tidakdiinginkansepertikerugianbagipihak-pihak yang terlibatdalamkontrakdenganperusahaan • Jensen danMecklingdalamtahun 1976 mengeluarkanagency theorydancontracting theory yang menyebutkanbahwaperusahaanadalahkumpulankontrakataunexus of contract, sehinggamanajemencenderungmelakukantindakan yang menguntungkankepentingannya

  9. Earnings Management – Motivasi • Kontrak – manajer menyesuaikan angka dalam laporan keuangan untuk memenuhi kontrak dengan pihak lain (kontrak manajemen - bonus, kreditor) • Harga Saham – menunjukkan kinerja perusahaan bagus sehingga harga saham meningkat (merger, stock option, stock offering) • Pemerintah – tujuan politik dan kepentingan pemerintah (pajak, mempertahankan subsidi, UU persaingan usahan) • Tujuan lain – perubahan manajemen, pasar tenaga kerja, dampak sosial

  10. Strategi Earning Management • Increasing Income – manajer menyesuaikan • akrual untuk meningkatkan laba • Big Bath – manajer mencatat penghapusan yang besar • dalam satu periode untuk • menghilangkan beban di periode lain. • Income Smoothing– manajer meratakan laba • dengan menaikkan / • menurunkan laba.

  11. Strategi Earning Management • Incoming Shifting – Mempercepat atau memperlambat • pengakuan pendapatan atau beban • atau menggeser pendapatan dari • satu periode ke periode lainnya • Klasifikasi – Melakukan klasifikasi pendapatan • atau beban dalam laporan laba • rugi sehingga mempengaruhi • persepsi analis tentang sifat • pendapatan dan beban tersebut

  12. Laporan laba rugi • Penyajian laporan laba rugi dengan memasukkan unsur laba komprehensif • Laba dialokasikan untuk pemegang saham minoritas dan mayoritas • Ketentuan minimum item dalam laporan laba rugi. • Klasifikasi beban berdasarkan fungsi dan sifat, jika disajikan berdasarkan fungsi ada pengungkapan berdasarkan sifat • Penyajian “pos luar biasa / extraordinary item” tidak diperkenankan lagi

  13. Laporan laba komprehensive • Laba komprehensif: Perubahan aset atau laibilitas yang tidak mempengaruhi laba pada periode rugi • Selisih revaluasi aset tetap • Perubahan nilai investasi available for sales • Dampak translasi laporan keuangan • Dalam dua laporan : • Laba sebelum laba komprehensif • Laporan laba komprehensif dimulai dari laba/rugi bersih Ref: PSAK 1

  14. Ilustrasi Laba Rugi Komprehensif digabung Ref: PSAK 1

  15. Ilustrasi Laba Rugi Komprehensif digabung Ref: PSAK 1

  16. Ilustrasi Laba Rugi Komprehensif Digabung Ref: PSAK 1

  17. Ilustrasi Laba Rugi Komprehensif Dipisah Ref: PSAK 1

  18. Informasi dalam L/R Komprehensif 80. Laporan laba rugi komprehensif, sekurang-kurangnya mencakup • pendapatan; • biaya keuangan; • bagian laba rugi dari entitas asosiasi dan joint ventures yang dicatat dengan menggunakan metode ekuitas; • beban pajak; • suatu jumlah tunggal yang mencakup total dari: • laba rugi setelah pajak dari operasi yang dihentikan; dan • keuntungan atau kerugian setelah pajak yang diakui dengan pengukuran nilai wajar dikurangi biaya untuk menjual atau dari pelepasan aset atau kelompok yang dilepaskan dalam rangka operasi yang dihentikan; • laba rugi; • setiap komponen dari pendapatan komprehensif lain yang diklasifikasikan sesuai dengan sifat (selain jumlah dalam huruf (h)); • bagian pendapatan komprehensif lain dari entitas asosiasi dan joint ventures yang dicatat dengan menggunakan metode ekuitas; Ref: PSAK 1

  19. Informasi dalam L/R Komprehensif • Entitas mengungkapkan pos-pos di bawah ini dalam laporan laba rugi komprehensif : • Laba rugi periode berjalan yang dapat diatribusikan kepada: • (i) kepentingan non-pengendali; dan • (ii) pemilik entitas induk • Total laba rugi komprehensif periode berjalan yang dapat diatribusikan kepada: • (i) kepentingan non-pengendali; dan • (ii) pemilik entitas induk Ref: PSAK 1

  20. Pos Luar Biasa • 85. Entitas tidak diperkenankan menyajikan pos-pos pendapatan dan beban sebagai pos luarbiasadalam laporan laba rugi komprehensif, laporan laba rugi terpisah (jika disajikan), atau dalam catatan atas laporan keuangan. Ref: PSAK 1

  21. Laba Rugi Selama Periode • 86. Entitas mengakui seluruh pos-pos pendapatan dan beban pada suatu periode dalam laba rugi kecuali suatu PSAK mensyaratkan atau memperkenankan lain. • Koreksi kesalahan PSAK 25 menjelaskan pada periode mana dampak koreksi. Ref: PSAK 1

  22. Pendapatan Komprehensif Lain • 88. Entitas mengungkapkan jumlah pajak penghasilan terkait dengan setiap komponen dari pendapatan komprehensif lain, termasuk penyesuaian reklasifikasi, baik dalam laporan pendapatan komprehensif atau catatan atas laporan keuangan. • 89. Entitas dapat menyajikan komponen pendapatan komprehensif lain: • (a) jumlah neto dari dampak pajak terkait, atau • (b) jumlah sebelum dampak pajak terkait disertai dengan total pajak penghasilan tersebut Ref: PSAK 1

  23. Informasi dalam L/R Komprehensif • Ketika pos-pos pendapatan atau beban bernilai material, maka entitas mengungkapkan sifat dan jumlahnya secara terpisah. Penyebab pengungkapan terpisah: • penurunan nilai persediaan /aset tetap dan pemulihannya • restrukturisasi atas aktivitas-aktivitas suatu entitas dan untuk setiap laibilitas diestimasi atas biaya restrukturisasi; • pelepasan aset tetap; • pelepasan investasi; • operasi yang dihentikan; • penyelesaian litigasi; dan • pembalikan laibilitas diestimasi lain. • Entitas menyajikan analisis beban yang diakui dalam laba rugi dengan menggunakan klasifikasi berdasarkan sifat atau fungsinya dalam entitas, mana yang dapat menyediakan informasi yang lebih andal dan relevan. Ref: PSAK 1

  24. Klasifikasi Beban - Sifat • Pemilihan klasifikasi berdasarkan faktor historis dan industri • Klasifikasi berdasarkan sifat lebih mudah karena tidak perlu alokasi beban menurut fungsi Ref: PSAK 1

  25. Klasifikasi Beban - Fungsi • Minimal biaya penjualan berdasarkan metode fungsi secara terpisah dari beban lain. • Jika klasifikasi berdasarkan fungsi maka harus mengungkapkan informasi tambahan tentang sifat beban, termasuk beban penyusutadan & amortisasi dan imbalan kerja Ref: PSAK 1

  26. Format of the Income Statement Elements of the Income Statement Revenues – Inflows or other enhancements of assets or settlements of its liabilities that constitute the entity’s ongoing major or central operations. Examples of Revenue Accounts • Sales • Fee revenue • Interest revenue • Dividend revenue • Rent revenue Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

  27. Format of the Income Statement Elements of the Income Statement Expenses – Outflows or other using-up of assets or incurrences of liabilities that constitute the entity’s ongoing major or central operations. Examples of Expense Accounts • Cost of goods sold • Depreciation expense • Interest expense • Rent expense • Salary expense Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

  28. Format of the Income Statement Elements of the Income Statement Gains – Increases in equity (net assets) from peripheral or incidental transactions. Losses - Decreases in equity (net assets) from peripheral or incidental transactions. • Gains and losses can result from • sale of investments or plant assets, • settlement of liabilities, • write-offs of assets. Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

  29. Single-Step Format The single-step statement consists of just two groupings: Revenues Expenses Net Income Single- Step No distinction between Operating and Non-operating categories. Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

  30. Multiple-Step Format Background • Separates operating transactions from nonoperating transactions. • Matches costs and expenses with related revenues. • Highlights certain intermediate components of income that analysts use. Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

  31. Multiple-Step Format Income Statement Sections • Operating section • Nonoperating section • Income tax • Discontinued operations • Extraordinary items • Earnings per share Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

  32. Multiple-Step Format The presentation divides information into major sections. 1. Operating Section 2. Nonoperating Section 3. Income tax Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

  33. Reporting Irregular Items Companies are required to report irregular items in the financial statements so users can determine the long-run earning power of the company. Illustration 4-5 Number of Irregular Items Reported in a Recent Year by 600 Large Companies Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

  34. Reporting Irregular Items • Irregular items fall into six categories • Discontinued operations. • Extraordinary items. • Unusual gains and losses. • Changes in accounting principle. • Changes in estimates. • Corrections of errors. Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

  35. Reporting Irregular Items • Discontinued Operations occurs when, • (a) company eliminates the • results of operations and • cash flows of a component. • there is no significant continuing involvement in that component. • Amount reported “net of tax.” Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

  36. Reporting Irregular Items • Extraordinary items are nonrecurring material items that differ significantly from a company’s typical business activities. • Extraordinary Item must be both of an • Unusual Nature and • Occur Infrequently • Company must consider the environment in which it operates. • Amount reported “net of tax.” Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

  37. Reporting Irregular Items Reporting when both Discontinued Operations and Extraordinary Items are present. Discontinued Operations Extraordinary Item Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

  38. Reporting Irregular Items • Unusual Gains and Losses • Material items that are unusual or infrequent, but not both, should be reported in a separate section just above “Income from continuing operations before income taxes.” • Examples can include: • Write-downs of inventories • Foreign exchange transaction gains and losses • The Board prohibits net-of-tax treatment for these items. Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

  39. Reporting Irregular Items Unusual Gains and Losses Illustration 4-9 Income Statement Presentation of Unusual Charges Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

  40. Reporting Irregular Items • Changes in Accounting Principles • Retrospective adjustment • Cumulative effect adjustment to beginning retained earnings • Approach preserves comparability • Examples include: • change from FIFO to average cost • change from the percentage-of-completion to the completed-contract method Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

  41. Reporting Irregular Items • Changes in Estimate • Accounted for in the period of change and future periods • Not handled retrospectively • Not considered errors or extraordinary items • Examples include: • Useful lives and salvage values of depreciable assets • Allowance for uncollectible receivables • Inventory obsolescence Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

  42. Reporting Irregular Items • Corrections of Errors • Result from: • mathematical mistakes • mistakes in application of accounting principles • oversight or misuse of facts • Corrections treated as prior period adjustments • Adjustment to the beginning balance of retained earnings Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

  43. Special Reporting Issues Intraperiod Tax Allocation • Relates the income tax expense to the specific items that give rise to the amount of the tax expense. • Income tax is allocated to the following items: • (1)Income from continuing operations before tax • (2) Discontinued operations • (3) Extraordinary items • (4) Changes in accounting principle • (5) Correction of errors Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

  44. Example of Intraperiod Tax Allocation Note: losses reduce the total tax Calculation of Total Tax $24,000 (135) (61) (231) $23,573 Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

  45. Special Reporting Issues Earnings Per Share • Net income - Preferred dividends • Weighted average number of shares outstanding • An important business indicator. • Measures the dollars earned by each share of common stock. • Must be disclosed on the the income statement. Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

  46. Special Reporting Issues Divide by weighted-average shares outstanding EPS LO 6 Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

  47. Special Reporting Issues Retained Earnings Statement Increase Decrease Net income Change in accounting principle Error corrections Net loss Dividends Change in accounting principles Error corrections Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

  48. Special Reporting Issues • Restricted Retained Earnings • Disclosed • In notes to the financial statements • As Appropriated Retained Earnings Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

  49. Special Reporting Issues • Comprehensive Income • All changes in equity during a period except those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners. • Includes: • all revenues and gains, expenses and losses reported in net income, and • all gains and losses that bypass net income but affect stockholders’ equity. Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

  50. Special Reporting Issues Comprehensive Income Other Comprehensive Income + Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities. Translation gains and losses on foreign currency. Plus others Reported in Stockholders’ Equity Ref: Kieso Weygant ed 13

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