World development and interdependence

1. World development and interdependence compilation

2. What is development?

3. Development • Development means ''improvement in a country's economic and social conditions''. • It refers to improvements in how we manage natural and human resources in order to create wealth and improve people's lives.

4. What do we measure when we compare the development of countries? • How do we compare them?

5. Differences • Geographers often compare levels of development in between different countries or regions. • Development can be measured in terms of either economic or human development. • Ways of measuring development are called development indicators.

6. UN Human Development Report 2007 High human development      Medium human development      Low human development      Unavailable

7. What is the difference between the level of development and rate of growth? • What is the most basic pattern of development? • Why are we interested in the past?

8. Measuring development • We are interested in levels of development and rates of growth - we compare certain important characteristics • We map differences and look at similarities and patterns • We measure how developed one country is compared to other countries, or to the same country in the past.

9. What are MEDCs? • What are LEDCs? • Where are they located?

10. North and South • MEDCs are countries which have a high standard of living, more industrialised and (usually) a large GDP. LEDCs are less industrialised countries with a low standard of living and (usually) a much lower GDP. • The following map shows the locations of most LEDCs and MEDCs. Notice how most of the southern hemisphere is less developed, while most countries of the northern hemisphere are more developed.

12. LEDCs and MEDCs

13. What does it mean causes? • What does it mean consequences?

14. Causes and consequences • we try to explain what the reasons for differences are - causes • and what the results of these differences are consequences

15. What is economic development? • What is human development?

16. Measuring development Economic development is a measure of how wealthy a country is - and of how this wealth is generated (e.g. agriculture is considered less economically advanced then banking). Human development measures the extent to which people have access to wealth, jobs, knowledge, nutrition, health, leisure and safety - as well as political and cultural freedom.

17. What is the standard of living?

18. Standard of living • quality and quantity of goods and services available to people, and the way these goods and services are distributed within a population

19. What is the quality of life?

20. Quality of life • is the satisfaction of people with their environment and the way of life • it includes health, diet, as well as protection against pain and disease, stress, freedom, safety, pleasure ...

21. What are the main development indicators?

22. Development indicators • Health. Do all the people in a country have access to medical care? What level of healthcare is available - basic or advanced? Is it free or paid for? • Industry. What type of industry predominates? LEDCs tend to focus more on primary industries, such as farming, fishing and mining. MEDCs focus on secondary industries, such as manufacturing. The most advanced countries - more on tertiary industries - services businesses, such as banking and information technology. • Education. Do all the people in a country have access education? Is it free? What level of education is available (ie primary education, secondary education or further/higher education)?

23. What is it GNP? • What is it GDP? • What is it GNP per capita?

24. Economic development indicators • The most important of these indicators are: • Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures the wealth or income of a country. GDP is the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year. • Gross National Product (GNP) is another measure of a country's wealth or income. GNP measures the total economic output of a country, including earnings from foreign investments which are not included in GDP. • GNP per capita is a country's GNP divided by its population. (Per capita means per person.)

25. Global GNP per capita

26. Gross Domestic Product

27. What is it economic growth? • What is inequality of wealth ? • What is inflation?

28. Economic development indicators • Economic growth measures the annual increase in GDP, GNP, GDP per capita, or GNP per capita. • Inequality of wealth is an indication of the gap in wealth and income between a country's richest and poorest people. (eg, the proportion of a country's wealth owned by the richest 10% of the population, compared with the proportion owed by the remaining 90%). • Inflation measures how much the prices of goods, services and wages are increasing each year. High inflation (above a few percent) is believed by many to be a bad thing, and suggests a government lacks of control over the economy.

29. How does unemployment influence level of development? • What does economic structure show us? • What are demographics?

30. Economic development indicators • Unemployment is measured by the number of people who cannot find work. • Economic structure shows how a country's economy is divided between primary, secondary and tertiary industries. • Demographics studies population growth and population structure. It compares birth rates to death rates, shows average ages, and compares numbers of people living in towns with numbers living in the countryside. • (Many LEDCs have a younger, faster-growing population than MEDCs, with more people living in the countryside than in towns.)

31. What are human development indicators? • Why do we use it?

32. Human development indicators • Development often takes place in an uneven way, resulting in some countries being more developed in some ways than in others. • A country with a very high GDP - for example, from the exploitation of rich oil reserves - while segments of the population still live in poverty, and lack access to basic education, health, and decent housing. • Human development indicatorsmeasure the non-economic aspects of a country's development and help to give a more balanced view of what constitutes development.