GPC 355 Special Education

1. GPC 355 Special Education The Developmentally Challenged And the Gifted Unit 9 Dean Owen, Ph.D., LPCC METU-NCC Spring 2014

2. Plan for the day

3. Some basic definitions Developmental disability is a term that refers to a variety of conditions that result from severe chronic conditions that are either mental and/or physical. • Developmental disabilities impact individuals in a variety of ways including: • Language • Mobility • Learning • Self-help • Independent living Developmental disabilities can be detected early on, and do persist throughout an individual's lifespan. Source: Center for Disease Control

4. Most common developmental disabilities Fragile X syndrome (FXS) causes autism and intellectual disability among boys. Down syndrome is a condition in which people are born with an extra chromosome. Normally a person is born with 46 chromosomes. But however if they're born with Down syndrome, it means they have an extra copy of one of these chromosomes. This extra copy changes the body’s and brain’s normal development and causes mental and physical struggles for the individual. Pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) are a group of developmental disabilities that can cause significant social, communication and behavioral challenges. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are a group of conditions that can occur in a person whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy. FASDs are 100% preventable if a woman does not drink alcohol during pregnancy. Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect a person’s ability to move and maintain balance and posture. CP is the most common motor disability in childhood. Mental retardation is defined as an IQ below 70 along with limitations in adaptive functioning and onset before the age of 18 years. Source: Center for Disease Control

5. Most common developmental disabilities Mental Retardation (MR) or Intellectual disability (ID) Source: Center for Disease Control

6. Please take a few minutes and write down 5 adjectives that might describe someone with “low IQ”

7. Who is “gifted”…….? Who is “developmentally challenged”…..?

8. Most common developmental disabilities Mental Retardation (MR) or Intellectual disability (ID) This general learning disability is a generalized disorder appearing before adulthood Characterized by significantly impaired cognitive functioning (IQ<70) and deficits in two or more adaptive behaviors. It was historically defined as an intelligence quotient score under 70. Once focused almost entirely on cognition, the definition now includes both a component relating to mental functioning and one relating to individuals' functional skills in their environments. Source: Center for Disease Control

9. Most common developmental disabilities Normal intellectual Development Equation Intellectual Development = Life Experience Genetic Endowment + Source: Center for Disease Control

10. Most common developmental disabilities Mental Retardation (MR) or Intellectual disability (ID) Intellectual disability is subdivided into non-syndromic intellectual disability (NSID), in which intellectual deficits appear without other abnormalities. (Cultural-Familial Retardation) syndromic intellectual disability (SID), in which intellectual deficits associated with other medical and behavioral conditions. Down’s Syndrome, Cerebral Palsy, Autism, Fragile X Syndrome, trauma, etc. Source: Center for Disease Control

11. Most common developmental disabilities non-syndromic intellectual disability, in which intellectual deficits appear without other abnormalities. (Cultural-Familial Retardation) This form of ID is thought to result from socio-cultural deprivation….particularly during the developmental period. Source: Center for Disease Control

12. Most common developmental disabilities Cultural-Familial Retardation Poverty Isolation Limited/Poor education NSID Source: Center for Disease Control

13. Most common developmental disabilities Organic Causes of ID (SID) Genetic Source: Center for Disease Control

14. Most common developmental disabilities Organic Causes of ID Prematurity/ trauma Source: Center for Disease Control

15. Most common developmental disabilities Organic Causes of ID Malnutrition Source: Center for Disease Control

16. Most common developmental disabilities Organic Causes of ID Infections Toxins Source: Center for Disease Control

17. Most common developmental disabilities Organic Causes of ID Ionizing Radiation Source: Center for Disease Control

18. Adaptive Behaviors In addition to a measured IQ < 70 the second defining feature of intellectual disabilities (ID, formerly mental retardation) is the limited development of life skills. These important skills enable us to live in a safe and socially responsible manner. These skills are collectively referred to as adaptive functioning. • Adaptive functioning is affected by three basic skill sets. • Conceptual skills. This includes reading, numbers, money, time, and communication skills. 2. Social skills. These skills help us to get along well with others. These skills include understanding and following social rules and customs; obeying laws; and detecting the motivations of others in order to avoid victimization and deception. 3. Practical life skills. These are the skills needed to perform the activities of daily living. This includes feeding, bathing, dressing, occupational skills, and navigational skills. Source: Seven Counties Mental Health Center

19. Most common developmental disabilities Specific ID Causes Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Environmental Exposure to Toxins Medical Causes of Intellectual Disabilities: Infections and Brain Damage Genetic Causes of Intellectual Disabilities: Down Syndrome Fragile X Syndrome Williams Syndrome Angelman Syndrome Bardet-Biedl Syndrome Laurence-Moon Syndrome Cockayne Syndrome Cri du Chat Syndrome Cornelia De Lange Syndrome (CdLS) Tay-Sachs disease Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome (RTS), Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) Psychiatric Causes of Intellectual Disabilities Source: Seven Counties Mental Health Center

20. Most common developmental disabilities ID Classifications Source: Seven Counties Mental Health Center

21. ID Gifted

22. Classification Schemes for IQ

25. Most common developmental disabilities Common problems of individuals with ID Impulse control Frustration tolerance Low Self-Esteem Limited ability to make cause/effect associations Source: Seven Counties Mental Health Center

26. Most common developmental disabilities Fragile X syndrome (FXS), (Martin–Bell syndrome), is a genetic syndrome that is the most widespread single-gene cause of autism and inherited cause of intellectual disability especially among boys. It results in a spectrum of intellectual disabilities ranging from mild to severe as well as physical characteristics such as an elongated face, large or protruding ears, and large testes (macro-orchidism), and behavioral characteristics such as stereotypic movements (e.g. hand-flapping), and social anxiety. Prominent characteristics of the syndrome include an elongated face, large or protruding ears, and low muscle tone. Source: Center for Disease Control

27. Most common developmental disabilities Fragile X syndrome (FXS), Frequency: 1 in 4,000 males 1 in 8,000 females Cause: Mutations in the FMR1 gene cause fragile X syndrome. The FMR1 gene provides instructions for making a protein called fragile X mental retardation 1 protein, or FMRP. This protein is critical in the proper development of nerve synapses. Source: U.S. National Library of Medicine.

28. Most common developmental disabilities Fragile X syndrome (FXS), Symptoms: Speech and Language delay by age 2. Most males and 1/3 of females are intellectually disabled. Anxiety and hyperactive behavior such as fidgeting or impulsive actions. They may have attention deficit disorder (ADD), which includes an impaired ability to maintain attention and difficulty focusing on specific tasks. 1/3 have features of autism spectrum disorders that affect communication and social interaction. Most males and about half of females with fragile X syndrome have characteristic physical features that become more apparent with age. These features include a long and narrow face, large ears, a prominent jaw and forehead, unusually flexible fingers, flat feet, and in males, enlarged testicles (macroorchidism) after puberty. Source: U.S. National Library of Medicine.

29. Most common developmental disabilities Down syndrome (DS) Down's syndrome, (Trisomy 21) Source: Center for Disease Control

30. Most common developmental disabilities Down's syndrome, DS Genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. Physical growth delays Characteristic facial features and mild to moderate intellectual disability. The average IQ of a young adult with Down syndrome is 50, equivalent to the mental age of an 8 or 9 year old child, but this varies widely. Down syndrome can be identified during pregnancy by prenatal screening followed by diagnostic testing, or after birth by direct observation and genetic testing. Since the introduction of screening, pregnancies with the diagnosis are often terminated. Source: Center for Disease Control

31. Most common developmental disabilities Down's syndrome, • DS • Frequency: 1 in 691 births • Symptoms • Common physical signs include: • Decreased muscle tone at birth • Excess skin at the nape of the neck • Flattened nose • Separated joints between the bones of the skull (sutures) • Single crease in the palm of the hand • Small ears • Small mouth • Upward slanting eyes • Wide, short hands with short fingers Source: National Institute of Mental Health

32. Most common developmental disabilities Down's syndrome, • DS • Physical development is often slower than normal. Most children with Down syndrome never reach their average adult height. • Children may also have delayed mental and social development. Common problems may include: • Impulsive behavior • Poor judgment • Short attention span • Slow learning Source: Center for Disease Control

33. Most common developmental disabilities Down's syndrome, DS https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ba9LXKH2ztU Source: Center for Disease Control

34. Most common developmental disabilities Down's syndrome, DS Source: Center for Disease Control

35. Most common developmental disabilities Down's syndrome, DS Quality educational programs, a stimulating home environment, good health care, and positive support from family, friends and the community enable people with Down syndrome to develop their full potential and lead fulfilling lives. - Source: Center for Disease Control

36. Most common developmental disabilities Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD), Source: Center for Disease Control

37. Most common developmental disabilities PDD • Symptoms of PDD may include behavioral and communication problems such as: • Difficulty using and understanding language • Difficulty relating to people, objects, and events; for example, lack of eye contact, pointing behavior, and lack of facial responses • Unusual play with toys and other objects • Difficulty with changes in routine or familiar surroundings • Repetitive body movements or behavior patterns, such as hand flapping, hair twirling, foot tapping, or more complex movements • Inability to cuddle or be comforted • Difficulty regulating behaviors and emotions, which may result in temper tantrums, anxiety, and aggression. Source: Center for Disease Control

38. Most common developmental disabilities The Five Disorders of PDD Childhood Disintegrative Disorder PDD-NOS Asperger’s Syndrome Autism Rett’s Syndrome Source: Center for Disease Control

39. Most common developmental disabilities PDD Atypical autism (PDD-NOS) Pervasive development disorder, not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS): This category is used to refer to children who have significant problems with communication and play, and some difficulty interacting with others, but are too social to be considered autistic. It's sometimes referred to as a milder form of autism. Source: Center for Disease Control

40. Most common developmental disabilities PDD Autism, the best-known; Autism: Children with autism have problems with social interaction, pretend play, and communication. They also have a limited range of activities and interests. Many -- nearly three out of every four -- children with autism also have some degree of intellectual disability. Children with autism can frequently have seizures as well as low muscle tone. They also have underlying anxiety and resistance to change. Source: Center for Disease Control

41. Most common developmental disabilities PDD Asperger’s syndrome; Asperger’s syndrome: Like children with autism, children with Asperger's syndrome have difficulty with social interaction and communication. They also have a narrow range of interests. However, children with Asperger's have average or above average intelligence and develop normally in the areas of language and cognition (the mental processes related to thinking and learning). Children with Asperger's often have difficulty concentrating and may have poor coordination. Asperger's is usually not recognized until children have enough language skills to show a limited focus and unusual patterns of speech. Source: Center for Disease Control

42. Most common developmental disabilities PDD Asperger’s syndrome Frequently described as unusual or socially immature and awkward. Seem unaffected by others and are often seen as insensitive or unaware of the feelings of others. Dr. Sheldon Cooper, Big Bang Theory Source: Center for Disease Control

43. Most common developmental disabilities PDD Rett’s syndrome Children with this very rare disorder have the symptoms associated with a PDD and also suffer problems with physical development. They generally suffer the loss of many motor or movement skills -- such as walking and use of their hands -- and develop poor coordination. This condition has been linked to a defect on the X chromosome, so it almost always affects girls. Source: Center for Disease Control

44. Most common developmental disabilities PDD Childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD): Children with this rare condition begin their development normally in all areas, physical and mental. At some point, usually between 2 and 10 years of age, a child with this illness loses many of the skills he or she has developed. In addition to the loss of social and language skills, a child with disintegrative disorder may lose control of other functions, including bowel and bladder control. Not all medical scientists agree that CDD should be considered a distinct disorder separate from other disorders in what is known as the autism spectrum. Source: Center for Disease Control

45. Most common developmental disabilities Cerebral Palsy (CP) Source: Center for Disease Control

46. Most common developmental disabilities Definition: Cerebral palsy is a disorder of movement, muscle tone or posture that is caused by an insult to the immature, developing brain, most often before birth. Individuals with CP typically demonstrate: Impaired movement associated with exaggerated reflexes, floppiness or rigidity of the limbs and trunk, abnormal posture, involuntary movements, unsteadiness of walking, or some combination of these. Source: Mayo Clinic

47. Most common developmental disabilities Individuals with CP typically demonstrate: difficulty with swallowing eye muscle imbalance reduced range of motion (ROM) some can walk but many others can not. intellectual functioning: Normal to well below normal Epilepsy blindness deafness Individual with CP often have underlying developmental brain abnormalities. Source: Mayo Clinic

48. Most common developmental disabilities Symptoms of CP Variations in muscle tone, such as being either too stiff or too floppy Stiff muscles and exaggerated reflexes (spasticity) Stiff muscles with normal reflexes (rigidity) Lack of muscle coordination (ataxia) Tremors or involuntary movements Slow, writhing movements (athetosis) Delays in reaching motor skills milestones, such as pushing up on arms, sitting up alone or crawling Favoring one side of the body, such as reaching with only one hand or dragging a leg while crawling Difficulty walking, such as walking on toes, a crouched gait, a scissors-like gait with knees crossing or a wide gait Excessive drooling or problems with swallowing Difficulty with sucking or eating Delays in speech development or difficulty speaking Difficulty with precise motions, such as picking up a crayon or spoon Source: Mayo Clinic

49. Most common developmental disabilities Symptoms of CP Brain abnormalities associated with cerebral palsy also may contribute to other neurological problems. People with cerebral palsy may also have: Difficulty with vision and hearing Intellectual disabilities Seizures Abnormal touch or pain perceptions Oral diseases Mental health (psychiatric) conditions Urinary incontinence Source: Mayo Clinic

50. Most common developmental disabilities The Journey of Lia Sintras - Cerebral Palsy Conquerer http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JLFiyfPWrUs Source: Mayo Clinic