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3. Hypothesis Hypothesis: social capital is related to specific ethnic community and different racial, ethnic, and cultural peculiarities are attached to the meaning of social capital. I also assume a certain level of the universality of the concept of social capital.

4. Objectives 1) to test empirically whether social capital is a universally measurable phenomena or whether capital varies across different ethnic communities. 2) to identify the dimensions of social capital within African, Chinese, German and Ukrainian communities in Canada. 3) to develop a measurement instrument of social capital for the ethnic community.

5. Objectives The study provides the new information on what social capital means to African, Chinese, German, and Ukrainian ethnic groups in Canada and draws the links between ethnicity and social capital. Findings may be further used to explore how Canada�s ethnic diversity affects social capital of ethnic minority groups and how ethnic identity is used by members who share common values for mutual benefits.

6. Definitions of social capital Social capital, as simplified in the aphorism �it is not what you know, it is who you know�, supplements other conventional forms of capital: human financial produced or physical cultural

7. Definitions of social capital The newest equipment and brightest individuals are useless without access to other individuals necessary to �inform, assist and disseminate� new knowledge. Woolcock, 1998

8. Definitions of social capital Social capital � networks of social relations characterized by norms of trust and reciprocity. Bourdieu, 1993 Putnam, 1993 Coleman, 1988 Stone, 2001

9. Definitions of social capital There is a distinction between social capital and its outcomes. Both networks and values like trust and reciprocity should be included to the definitions of social capital. Thus, trust is a consequence of social capital rather than an element of the definition. Woolcock, 2001

10. Definitions of social capital Social capital is a group-based resource derived from social relations, the effectiveness of which is contingent upon the extensity and intensity of both social ties and the group�s resources. Li, 2004

11. Forms of social capital Bonding Bridging Linking

12. Forms of social capital Bonding (exclusive) social capital � relations amongst relatively homogenous groups, e.g. family members and close friends. Example: ethnic fraternal organizations and church based women's reading groups. "�.bonding social capital constitutes a kind of sociological super glue�" (Putnam, 2000)

13. Forms of social capital Bridging (inclusive) social capital � relations with distant friends, associates and colleagues. Example: civil rights movements and ecumenical religious organizations.

14. Forms of social capital Linking social capital � relations between individuals and groups in different social strata in a hierarchy where power, social status and wealth are accessed by different groups. It also includes the capacity to leverage resources, ideas and information from formal institutions beyond the community.

15. Key notions in relationship between ethnicity and social capital: network membership moral character group solidarity reciprocity exchanges enforceable trust Portes, 1998

16. Ways in which ethnicity contributes to social capital: Ethnicity can mobilize human, physical, and social resources to achieve common goals. Strong ethnic ties stimulate creation of financial and human capital. Ethnic and kin networks provide guidance and multidimensional support for their members.

17. Downsides of ethic and kinship bonds: They may place heavy obligations on entrepreneurs that divert resources away from current and potential investments. This is a consequence of the mafia and other closed groups. They impose expectations of loyalty that often compel immigrants to remain in low-paying jobs out of obligation to their employers. When ethnicity becomes highly politicized issue, it can generate distrust and destroy human and social capital.

18. Social capital framework

19. Operational definition of social capital: Social capital of the ethnic community is a social resource determined by shared cultural values such as trust, collective action, participation, strong sense of belonging to a specific social structure and diverse internal and external networks.

20. Method The data for this study is taken from the post-censal Ethnic Diversity Survey (EDS) of about 42,500 people aged 15 and over who were interviewed by telephone in the 10 Canadian provinces between April and August 2002. The results were released in September 2003. I use Factor Analysis as an exploratory than confirmatory tool for unearthing the social capital concept in the context of different race and ethnicities.

21. Variables 19 selected variables for the Factor Analysis in SPSS: 1-3) Amount you TRUST people in your family/people in your neighborhood/people at work or school; 4) How satisfied with life as a whole; 5) Generally speaking, can most people be trusted; 6-8) VOTED in federal election/provincial election/municipal election; 9) Number of persons in household; 10) Frequency of religious PARTICIPATION with other people; 11) Taken part in the activities of group; 12) Number of types of groups or organizations; 13-17) Strength of sense of belonging to family/ ethnic or cultural group/town, city or municipality/Province/Canada; 18) Any crimes committed against you in Canada in past 5 years; 19) Personal income (6 groups).

22. TABLE 1. Factor Analysis for the AFRICAN Ethnic Community in Canada

23. Table 1. African community (5 factors) The �Family and religious participation� factor, (�belonging to family�, �number of persons in household�, �religious participation with other people� and �belonging to ethnic or cultural group�) is the unique one for the African community. �Trust� factor not only included items on amount of trust, but also �personal income� and �life satisfaction�, which correlate together. This indicates a clear dimension of bonding social capital for this community.

24. TABLE 2. Factor Analysis for the CHINESE Ethnic Community in Canada

25. Table 2. Chinese community (4 factors) �Religion� is under the factor �Social participation�, and does not correlate with �family�, compared to the African group. �Ethnicity� and �family� items correlates together with other items in the �Perception of territory� factor showing strong dimension of bridging (inclusive) and linking social capital of the Chinese community.

26. TABLE 3. Factor Analysis for the GERMAN Ethnic Community in Canada

27. Table 3. German community (6 factors) It reveals the highest number of factors among all ethnic communities in this study. �Political participation� is the first and the strongest factor for the German community. �Life satisfaction� likewise in the African and Chinese community correlates with �trust�. It leads to the assumption that the more people trust, the higher the level of social capital, and the more satisfied with life people are.

28. TABLE 4. Factor Analysis for the UKRAINIAN Ethnic Community in Canada

29. Table 4. Ukrainian community (4 factors) The four factors are in the same order as in the Chinese community. The only difference is between �Social participation� and �Trust�, which are the fourth and the third factors in the Chinese case respectfully. For the Ukrainian community �Religion� under the �Perception of territory� factor correlates with the �ethnic or cultural group�, as well as �sense of belonging to Canada�, and �Province�, �town, city, municipality� variables, which illustrates the equal importance of all of these issue for the community. �Family� correlated with �trust� issues, which is also unique for this group. This community is characterized by bonding social capital.

30. Conclusions The factor analysis identified four to six components in each ethnic community. The most common factors for the four communities: �Trust�, �Political participation�, �Social participation�, �Family and Religious participation�. Bonding, bridging, and linking social capital seem to be equally important for the community. Social capital varies among different ethnicities and ethnicity shapes the dimensions of social capital.

31. Conclusions Core notions in social capital concept: trust, political and social participation, family and religious activities. We should be very careful generalizing the results of measurement of social capital in one ethnic community to others. Ethnicities do view social capital very differently. It is reasonable to analyze social capital from the prospective of bonding, bridging and linking social capital. Bonding social capital is the characteristic for African and Ukrainian communities, while bridging and linking for Chinese and German ones. There is a need in further development of the instrument to measure social capital across different races and ethnicities.

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