uses of organic molecules

1. 1 Uses of Organic Molecules Americans consume an average of 140 pounds of sugar per person per year

2. 2 Uses of Organic Molecules A typical cell in your body has about 2 meters of DNA

3. 3 Water About 60-90 percent of an organism is water

4. 4 Water Properties Polarity

5. 5 Carbon-based Molecules Although a cell is mostly water, the rest of the cell consists mostly of carbon-based molecules

6. 6 Carbon is a Versatile Atom It has four electrons in an outer shell that holds eight

7. 7 Hydrocarbons The simplest carbon compounds �

8. 8 Carbon can use its bonds to:: Attach to other carbons

9. 9 Large Hydrocarbons: Are the main molecules in the gasoline we burn in our cars

10. 10 Shape of Organic Molecules Each type of organic molecule has a unique three-dimensional shape

11. 11 Functional Groups are: Groups of atoms that give properties to the compounds to which they attach

12. 12 Common Functional Groups

13. 13 Giant Molecules - Polymers Large molecules are called polymers

14. 14 Examples of Polymers Proteins

15. 15 Most Macromolecules are Polymers Polymers are made by stringing together many smaller molecules called monomers

16. 16 Linking Monomers

17. 17 Breaking Down Polymers Cells break down macromolecules by a process called hydrolysis (adding a molecule of water)

18. 18 Macromolecules in Organisms There are four categories of large molecules in cells:

19. 19 Carbohydrates Carbohydrates include: Small sugar molecules in soft drinks Long starch molecules in pasta and potatoes

20. 20 Monosaccharides: Called simple sugars

21. 21 Monosaccharides Glucose is found in sports drinks

22. 22 Isomers Glucose & fructose are isomers because they�re structures are different, but their chemical formulas are the same

23. 23 Rings In aqueous (watery) solutions, monosaccharides form ring structures

24. 24 Cellular Fuel Monosaccharides are the main fuel that cells use for cellular work

25. 25 Disaccharides A disaccharide is a double sugar

26. 26 Disaccharides Common disaccharides include: Sucrose (table sugar) Lactose (Milk Sugar) Maltose (Grain sugar)

27. 27 Disaccharides Sucrose is composed of glucose + fructose

28. 28 Polysaccharides Complex carbohydrates

29. 29 Examples of Polysaccharides

30. 30 Starch Starch is an example of a polysaccharide in plants

31. 31 Glycogen Glycogen is an example of a polysaccharide in animals

32. 32 Cellulose Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on Earth

33. 33 Cellulose

34. 34 Dietary Cellulose Most animals cannot derive nutrition from fiber

35. 35 Sugars in Water Simple sugars and double sugars dissolve readily in water

36. 36 Lipids Lipids are hydrophobic ��water fearing�

37. 37 Function of Lipids Fats store energy, help to insulate the body, and cushion and protect organs

38. 38 Types of Fatty Acids Unsaturated fatty acids have less than the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons (a double bond between carbons)

39. 39 Types of Fatty Acids

40. 40 Triglyceride Monomer of lipids

41. 41 Triglyceride

42. 42 Fats in Organisms Most animal fats have a high proportion of saturated fatty acids & exist as solids at room temperature (butter, margarine, shortening)

43. 43 Fats in Organisms Most plant oils tend to be low in saturated fatty acids & exist as liquids at room temperature (oils)

44. 44 Fats Dietary fat consists largely of the molecule triglyceride composed of glycerol and three fatty acid chains

45. 45 Steroids The carbon skeleton of steroids is bent to form 4 fused rings

46. 46 Synthetic Anabolic Steroids They are variants of testosterone

47. 47 Proteins Proteins are polymers made of monomers called amino acids

48. 48 Four Types of Proteins

49. 49 Linking Amino Acids Cells link amino acids together to make proteins

50. 50 Proteins as Enzymes Many proteins act as biological catalysts or enzymes

51. 51 Enzymes

52. 52 Enzyme + Substrate = Product

53. 53 How the Enzyme Works

54. 54 Primary Protein Structure

55. 55 Protein Structures Secondary protein structures occur when protein chains coil or fold

56. 56 Protein Structures

57. 57 Denaturating Proteins

58. 58 Changing Amino Acid Sequence

59. 59 Nucleic Acids Store hereditary information

60. 60 Nucleic Acids

61. 61 Bases Each DNA nucleotide has one of the following bases:

62. 62 Nucleotide Monomers Form long chains called DNA

63. 63 DNA Two strands of DNA join together to form a double helix

64. 64 RNA � Ribonucleic Acid Ribose sugar has an extra �OH or hydroxyl group