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Slide 22:Drafts & Deferments
The Draft made all 18+ males eligible Men could defer based on education or profession This led to the working-class, poor, and minorities to be more heavily drafted
Medical Conscientious Objectors (CO) Vocational Educational FamilySlide 26:Ineligible classifications
1-A –O Conscientious objector for noncombatant service only 2-S Service deferred – enrolled in college 2-A Service deferred – civilian occupation 3-A Service deferred – has children 4-A Exempt – completed military duty 4-F Disqualified – physical or mental reasons
Slide 29:RESISTANCE
Some became conscientious objectors Some refused to register for the draft Protesters harassed campus ROTC recruiters As draft went from 5000/mo to 50,000/mo, the draft resisters swelled
Log on to ACW web site, scroll down to article link: “Military Draft” & respond to the following prompt in 75+ words. Due M 12/17 Respond with a minimum 4-6 logical, clearly defended sentences ea. MAP OF KEY BATTLES 1964-67 Bienhoa The U.S. air base at Bienhoa was the target of an intense raid by the Vietcong on October 30, 1964. Launching a heavy mortar attack under cover of night, the communists caught U.S. and South Vietnamese personnel off guard. The attack left 5 American servicemen and 2 Vietnamese dead and 76 wounded. In addition, 6 U.S. B-57s were destroyed, along with 20 other U.S. and South Vietnamese aircraft. Ia Drang Valley 11/65 U.S. Army's 1st Air Cavalry honed its aerial reconnaissance techniques in the rugged territory along the Ia Drang Valley. Taking advantage of the mobility of their helicopters, the Air Cavalry could spot North Vietnamese Army units from the air and rush assault troops to the spot to engage them in battle. U.S.: 234 KIA 242 WIA in X-Ray & Albany battles. November 17 was the deadliest ambush for Americans in the entire Vietnam War: 155 KIA and 126 WIA. Battle served as a microcosm for the war as a whole. PAVN and Viet Cong forces learned that they could mitigate the effectiveness of that firepower by engaging American forces at very close range. North Vietnamese would later refine this tactic, calling it "grabbing the enemy by his belt." With it they achieved a ratio of attrition that the Americans found politically unsustainable in the long term. At the moment, however, the NVA thrust to split South Vietnam in two had been defeated. Khe Sanh North Vietnamese Army (N.V.A.) waged a losing battle in late 1967 and early 1968 to take Khe Sanh: a heavily fortified U.S. airstrip. Nine-week battle, the most firepower ever used against a single target in the history of warfare. N.V.A. lost at least 10,000 men, later admitted engagement was a diversionary tactic employed to allow other Communist units to drive deeper into South Vietnam. MAP OF TET OFFENSIVE Tet Offensive A major turning point in the way many Americans perceived the war. Morning of January 30, Communist forces in North Vietnam and Vietcong squads in the South took advantage of a truce during Tet (the Vietnamese new year holiday) to launch a massive offensive. Major cities and provinces captured and heavy fighting U.S. & South Vietnamese forces claim military victory Communists claimed major political and psychological victory. U.S. observers stunned by size & coordination of Communist forces. Hue After twenty-six days of intense fighting, U.S. and South Vietnamese forces recapture the city of Hue, the site of an ancient religious citadel. City had been seized by Communist forces during the Tet offensive. Following the defeat of the Communists, mass graves were discovered. They were filled with the bodies of Communist party "enemies." Saigon During the Tet offensive, a 19-man Vietcong suicide squad occupied the U.S. Embassy and a South Vietnamese radio station in downtown Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam. U.S. assault force defeated the Vietcong in a matter of hours, but a major psychological blow had been inflicted by the insurgent Communist forces.Slide 58:An Era of Protest
The idea of civil disobedience as a form of protest was established in US universities in the early 1960’s Mario Savio led the first sit-in at UC Berkeley 12/64 protesting campus policies – 800 demonstrators were arrested
Slide 59:Ch-ch-ch-ch-changes…….
1961 – the Peace Corps and Vista were established 1964 – Freedom Summer Project Protests ranged from civil rights, to anti-industry/corp. America, to, eventually anti-war The overall effect is that the U.S. sees very large CHANGE in the roles that students play in shaping US politics
Slide 60:A new generation
What kinds of issues do you think the students of the 1960’s were concerned with? How do their actions compare to those of the students of the 50’s – the silent generation?
Slide 61:The New Radical Left
Tom Hayden @ Univ. of Michigan in 1960 Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) create the core for the New Left Believed we needed sweeping change in US society to solve problems of racism, poverty, etc.
Slide 62:The Port Huron Statement - 1962
Several chapters of SDS combined to write this document Spelled out the ills of society Gov’t and corp.’s too big, needed more participatory democracy By 1965, with escalation in Vietnam, SDS membership grew & war protest was large focus
Slide 63:Protest Groups Increase
As escalation occurred, protesters increased - including religious groups, women’s groups, and peace groups 2/1967 – 2,500+ members of Women Strike for Peace stormed the Pentagon SDS Rallying cry became “ From Protest to Resistance” March on the Pentagon 10/67 – 50,000+ where men burned draft cards, “Burn cards not people!”
Slide 64:Media’s impact on Protests
Early coverage encourage anti-communist goals Later coverage included horrors of Tet, My Lai, and bombing of Cambodia, giving protest movements fuel
Slide 65:Kent State and Jackson State
4/30/70 Kent State a reaction to Cambodia bombing – 4 killed by Ohio Nat. Guard 5/14/70 Jackson State – after hearing a bottle crash 500 Miss. Nat. Guard plus 125 police, 80 highway patrolmen fired shots killing 12 as a result of vandalism & protest
Slide 66:Implications?
Increased uneasiness in the U.S. Greater division between “Hawks” and “Doves” Increasing numbers consider themselves “Doves” Also fueled growing Conservatism as a reaction to the New Left Greater political pressure to get out of Vietnam
A.R.V.N. dead: 230,000 wounded: 300,000 U.S. dead: 58,209 wounded: 153,303 R.O.K. dead: 5,000 wounded: 11,000 Australia dead: 512 wounded: 2,400 New Zealand dead: 37 wounded: 187 DRV/NLF dead: 1,100,000 wounded: 600,000* PRC dead: 1,100 wounded: 4,200 “The Vietnam War” vs. “The Resistance War against the Americans to Save the Nation” CASUALTIES OF…
