Organic Compounds

1. Biochemistry Part 1 Organic Compounds Macromolecules

2. Intro • In what foods do you find the following? • What functions does it have in life? 1. Carbohydrates A. B. 2. Proteins A. B. 3. Lipids A. B. 4 . What is the function of a nucleic acid?

3. Knowledge • I can describe the structure of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. • I can describe the function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. • I can identify monomers for macromolecules (carbohydrates, protein, and nucleic acids) • I can recognize common examples of macromolecules • I can recognize that all organic molecules contain carbon. • Product • I can construct a written argument that demonstrates the importance of a macromolecule to carry out a specific cellular process is determined by its subcomponents (monomers).

4. 4 Macromolecules (Biomolecules) 1. Carbohydrates 2. Proteins 3. Lipids 4. Nucleic Acids In this unit you will need to know • The structure of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. • The function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. • The monomers for macromolecules (carbohydrates, protein, and nucleic acids) • Common examples of each macromolecule

5. Organic Molecules Contain Carbon • Carbon forms the structural backbone of organic molecules • Everything else attaches to carbon a saturated fat’s carbon backbone

6. Why Carbon? • Carbon can bond with many elements including (H) hydrogen, (O)oxygen, (P) phosphorus, and (N) nitrogen • These bonds can create pretty elaborate structures.

7. Elements Most common in the human body Top 5 • Oxygen (65%) • Carbon (18.5%) • Hydrogen (9.5%) • Nitrogen (3.2%) • Calcium (1.5%)

8. 1. What do organic molecules contain? Carbon- it’s the backbone that other molecules attach to

9. 2. What are the three most abundant elements in the human body in order? O - Oxygen C - Carbon H – Hydrogen All the macromolecules will have at least these

10. Macromolecules-large molecules (make up living cells) • 4 Major Macromolecules in living things • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids • Monomers - single units of a molecule (like building blocks such as Legos) • Polymers – many monomers bonded together (like a model made from Legos) • Polymerization is the forming of polymers from monomers

11. Breaking Bonds (Lysis) can be used to release energy creating bonds (Synthesis) requires energy (Synthesis) Polymers are built from monomers (Lysis) Polymers are broken into monomers

12. Breaking Bonds can be used to release energy creating bonds (Synthesis) requires energy Needs Energy Carbohydrate Monomer Monosaccharides Monosaccharides Carbohydrate Monomer Polysaccharide Carbohydrate Polymer Releases Energy This is especially important for carbohydrates and other molecules like ATP when used for energy

13. 3. What is a single unit of a macromolecule generically called? Generically→ not specific to any one Monomer

14. 4. When you put a bunch of monomers together you get a? Polymer

15. 5. The forming of a bunch of monomers together is called? Polymerization

16. 6. What is stored in a bond when a molecule is synthesized? Energy

18. Macromolecule: Carbohydrate • Structure of carbohydrates • About 1:2:1 ration of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen • Written as CH2O • Function of carbohydrates • Energy and Structure • Primary source of energy for living things • Monomers (1 Unit) of carbohydrates • Monosaccharide • Common examples of carbohydrates • Monosaccharide (monomer or 1 unit) • Glucose: Produced through photosynthesis • Disaccharide (2 Units) • Sucrose (table sugar), maltose, lactose • Polysaccharide (Many Units) • Starch (plant energy storage) • Glycogen (animal energy storage) • Cellulose (plant cell wall structure) • Chitin (fungus cell wall structure)

19. Simple Carbohydrates(Sugars): Monosaccharides and Disaccharides Note: Simple Sugar: The smaller the molecule the quicker it can be used for energy and the shorter lasting Complex Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides

20. Carbohydrate used for quick energy Glucose: Product of photosynthesis, Beginning component of cellular respiration Formula: C6H12O6 A Monosaccharide: Single unit Structure: Monosaccharide: a single sugar ring

21. Carbohydrate used for quick energy Sucrose: Table Sugar Formula: C12H22O11 A Disaccharide: two monosaccharides attached Structure: Note: Still a simple sugar, not as quick to use as glucose but still quick and shorter lasting energy Simple sugars are monosaccharides or disaccharides Disaccharide: a double sugar ring

22. Carbohydrate used for quick energy Lactose: Milk Sugar Formula: C12H22O11 Disaccharide: two monosaccharides attached Structure: Note: Still a simple sugar, not as quick to use as glucose but still quick and shorter lasting energy Disaccharide: a double sugar ring

23. Carbohydrate used for energy storage Starch: Plant Energy Storage Formula: about 1:2:1 C:H:O Polysaccharide : many monosaccharides attached Structure: Note: Complex Carbohydrate: more than two monosaccharides: longer to break down but also longer lasting energy Polysaccharide: many sugar rings Energy stored each time a monomer is added or released each time a monomer if broken down

24. Carbohydrate used for energy storage • Glycogen (animal energy storage) • Formula: about 1:2:1 C:H:O • Polysaccharide/complex carbohydrate Energy stored each time a monomer is added or released each time a monomer if broken down

25. Carbohydrates used for structure • Cellulose (rigid plant cell wall structure) • Formula: about 1:2:1 C:H:O • Polysaccharide/ complex carbohydrate • Rigid cell walls help support taller plant growth

26. 7. What is the primary function of a carbohydrate? Quick energy 1 gram of carbohydrate = 4 Calories. 1 gram of protein = 4 Calories. (proteins can be used by the body for energy but they are not the primary source) 1 gram of fat = 9 Calories. You can see from the values above that one gram of fat contains more than double the amount of energy as a gram of carbohydrate or protein

27. 8. What are the three elements that make up a carbohydrate and at what ratio? C:H:O 1:2:1

28. 9. What is the monomer of a carbohydrate? Monosaccharide

29. 10. What is a polymer more thantwo of a carbohydrate called? Polysaccharide

30. 11. If something is called a simple carbohydrate (sugar) it is either a _____________ or _______________? Monosaccharide or Disaccharide

31. 12. What type of carbohydrate would have the most energy? Polysaccharide --- more things bonded together

32. 13. Besides when used for energy, where is the most important part of a plant for structure that you find a carbohydrate? Cell Wall : Polysaccharide called Cellulose

33. Macromolecule: Lipids • Structure of lipids • Have Carbons, Hydrogens, and Oxygen's (Not 1:2:1) • CHO: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (C to H is 1:2 but much less Oxygen) • Function of lipids • Building blocks of cellular membranes • Energy storage • Insulation and protection • Cellular communication • Monomers of lipids: fatty acids, glycerol • Common examples of lipids • Fats, oils, waxes, hormones, steroids

34. Lipids are insoluble in water? Lipids are nonpolar - and do not attract to polar molecules such as water Hydrophobic- water “fearing”

35. Triglyceride: A common lipid structure Made of 4 monomers 1 glycerol group 3 fatty acid tails

36. Saturated Lipids (fats) • Energy storage in animals • Solid at room temperature • No double bonds- straight molecules • Tighter packed which requires a higher heat to melt

37. Unsaturated Lipids (oils) • Liquid at room temperature • Has double bonds- causes bent molecules • Less tightly packed Double bonds cause a bending

39. Cell Membranea structure made of two layers of phospholipids molecules with a phosphate side that loves water and a lipid side that stays in the inside away from water Water Phosphates (Hydrophilic-towards water) Lipids (Hydrophobic-away from water) No Water Between Lipids (Hydrophobic) Phosphates (Hydrophilic) Water

40. Lipids Used for Signals: Hormone: a regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as blood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action. Many hormones are lipids Testosterone

41. 14. What is the primary function of a lipid? Long term energy storage

42. 15. What are monomers you find in a lipid? Fatty acid glycerol

43. 16. Where would you find lipids used for structure in every cell of the human body? Phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane Two layers with lipids facing each other

44. 17. What is the term for a lipid used to send a signal in the human body? hormone

45. 18. What is the lipid found in a candle? wax

46. 19. What is the element composition of a lipid? C H O like a carbohydrate but the ration is 1:2:something else not 1:2:1

47. 20. What type of lipid is liquid at room temperature? Unsaturated Fats also called oils

48. Reading and Questions • Reading With Questions (On Your Own Paper) • Read Ch2.2 pg 40-44 then do 2.2 assessment questions on page 44 all parts • Read CH 2.3 page 45-49 then do 2.3 assessment questions 1-3 all parts • Answer questions 18-24 on page 56.

49. 21. What does an unsaturated fat have that causes it to melt at a lower temperature? Double bonds between some of the carbons: cause a bending not allowing the lipid molecules to stack as close to each other

50. Macromolecule: Proteins • Structure of proteins • CHON: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen • Highly nitrogenous (N) • Function of proteins: Enzymes that speed up (catalyze) reactions, structure, repair, fight disease (antibodies) • Monomers of proteins: amino acids joined by peptide bonds • Common examples of proteins: Lactase(enzyme that helps break down milk sugar), keratin (component of hair and nails), actin and myosin (muscle filaments)