Nationalism and Sectionalism

1. Nationalism and Sectionalism Unit Three: Chapter 7

2. Let’s Review! • Past and future Presidents • Significant Events

4. What sort of issues did we have before the war:after the war: • Establishing a gov’t • Staying neutral • B/t GB & FR • Debt • Growth…more land • Taxes/Revenue • War • Finding our place among other nations • Industrial growth • Transportation • Opening the west • Population growth • Growing pains…

5. Good feelings – how? • Internal improvements • Building roads, canals, transportation • Protective Tariff (tax on imports) • Tariff of 1816: • Raise revenue for internal improvements and protect American businesses from cheap British goods by placing high import taxes on them

6. Good feelings, continued. • Established 2nd National Bank in 1816 • Elections: • Federalist Party (gone after 1812) • Dominant party – Republican • 1808 & 1812: James Madison • 1816 & 1820: James Monroe

7. A growing and young nation • 1780 – 2.7 million people in US, 13 states • 1830 – 12 million people in US, 24 states • Causes: • Not immigration, for now • More children born to each family • 1800-1840, usually 5 kids per family • High infant mortality rate • Low median age • Most of population was young (in 1820, most under 17 – today’s is 33). • Young couples dreamed of working hard to make a good future for their families. • The place to make their dream come true was the Trans-Appalachia (west of App Mtns).

8. A Transportation Revolution

9. A Transportation Revolution • Steam Power • James Watt – used steam engine to make textiles • Robert Fulton – used steam power for a ship • The Clermont • Fulton’s ship that traveled upriver, against the current • By 1820’s, 69 steamboats were on the rivers of America’s West.

10. A Transportation Revolution: Roads • Roads • Used to move goods, migrate west, communicate, & run their gov’t. • Federal/National Rd. • Built to last, financed by Fed Gov’t. • Maryland to Ohio, today called US Route 40. • Turnpike – Highways where a toll must be paid • Corduroy Rd – Whole logs used to surface the road • Plank Rd – planks used on roads

11. A Transportation Revolution:Canals • Canals • Waterways – cheapest way to carry goods, but they don’t go everywhere. • So, Americans built artificial waterways (canals). • Mostly built in Northeast • Erie Canal (1825) – connected Hudson River and Lake Erie. • Increased rate of settlement & development of all Great Lakes Region

12. A Transportation Revolution: Railroads • While better roads aided transportation, RR proved far more durable and efficient for moving goods and people. • Used Watt’s steam technology to develop a steam locomotive. • In 1828, construction began on the first American RR in Baltimore, MD. • Baltimore and Ohio (B & O) line. • By 1840, the nation had over 3,300 miles of track on several different lines…more than any other country in the world!

13. We are a new “MOBILE” society! • Increased availability of goods & flow of info • Women no longer needed help of whole family to produce household necessities – good & bad • Women were alone in housework • White Americans could pack up and move! • Head west

14. Effects of our new mobile society • Slaves moved west with owners. • Major cause of death among Native Americans – still disease from white settlers • Life in the West!

15. Life in the West: Crossing the Appalachians • In 1828, James Hall wrote Letters from the West. • This captured the mood of the nation on the move. • He said, “the innumerable caravans of adventurers who are daily crowding to the West in search of homes…produce a constant succession of visitors of every class and of almost every nation.”

16. Pioneers move west

17. Pioneers move west! • By 1830’s, hundreds of thousands of people living north of Ohio River Valley. • New states: Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois • Journey was long and difficult. • Settlers moved as families • Young men traveled alone • “Old America seems to be breaking up and moving westward. We are seldom out of sight, as we travel on this grand track towards the Ohio, of family groups behind and before us, some [intending to go] to a particular spot, close to a brother perhaps, or [to] a friend who has gone before and reported well of the country.”

18. Pioneers arrive on their new land! • Once they settled, they faced a heavy burden of work. • Must clear the land, plant a crop, build a house. • With hand tools and good ole’ muscle • Used fire to clear some undergrowth • Planted corn

19. The Legend – Daniel Boone • In 1775, he was employed by Transylvania Co. • Supposed to cut the Wilderness Rd • Became main road to Trans-Appalachia • Member of KY state legislature • Famous form being a bold and tough pioneer

20. African American Pioneers • An estimated 98,000 slaves moved west with their owners from 1790-1810. • Another 338,000 came from Africa. • North of the Ohio River, slavery was forbidden (free slaves could live there). • Not supported as white Americans didn’t want to compete with African Americans for jobs/land. • Some laws required African Americans to pay $1,000 to move to Illinois, while white people paid nothing.

21. Native Americans forced west • Most Indians were forced to move during this time. • Lost land to US Gov’t thru unfair treaties. • Diseases brought by white settlers were the main reason for population dwindling. • While many fought to keep their culture, the Cherokee decided to adapt.

22. Cherokee chose to adapt! • Under a leader, John Ross, the Cherokee created a legal system and gov’t that blended Indian and European traditions. • No more common-owning property • No have private property • They practiced slavery and had 1,300 African slaves. • They became farmers and used a newspaper. • A leader Sequoyah, invented an alphabet they used. • In 1827, they declared themselves and independent nation! • Worked for a little while, but white settlers were too hungry for land.

23. The Industrial Revolution!!!

24. The Industrial Revolution (cont.) • Americans pursued profit with the same energy that they pursued self-improvement and virtue. • How to make a profit? • Use new inventions • Produce materials faster and cheaper • Industrial Revolution • Effort to increase production by using machines powered by sources other than animals & humans.

25. How it all started… • Began in Britain. • With improvement in textiles (cloth). • James Watts • Invented: Steam Engine • GB guarded its secrets • If you knew about inventions, you couldn’t emigrate (move out of GB). • Samuel Slater ruined it! • Brought textile mills to US

26. Industrial Innovation in America – Eli Whitney • Eli Whitney • In 1796, told Gov’t he would make 10,000 guns in 2 yrs. • Then, had to make individual parts & then make them fit together. • Whitney thought, what if all the parts were made exactly alike and could be used on any gun… • He never did it, but he came up w/ the idea of… • Interchangeable Parts • Where all parts are made to an exact standard.

27. Eli Whitney’s – Cotton Gin • In 1793, he noticed the time and effort it took to clean cotton seeds from cotton fibers. • 1793 – 1 lb. cotton/day • Invented: Cotton Gin • Machine that separates the seeds from raw cotton fibers. • Gin = machine/engine • Now, worker could clean 1,000 lbs cotton/day

29. Cotton Gin’s Important Effects • 1.) Profit/lb of cotton skyrockets & more cotton planted for harvest. • Exports rose 6,000% b/t 1790-1815 • 2.) Many Southern planters began to depend on cotton as their only major crop, b/c it was so profitable. • 3.) Planters looked for new land where they could grow more cotton (mostly in AL, MS, LA, & TX). • 4.) More African slaves to keep up w/ work on larger plantations. • Slave population up to 1.5 million in 1820.

30. Cotton Gin – in a nutshell • The cotton gin helped keep the southern states a land of slavery and of farming, while the northern states became a land of free labor and of industry. • These fundamental differences will cause friction… • Civil war anyone?

31. Famous Inventors & their creations

32. 5th Pres: James Monroe • 1817-1825 • Missouri Compromise is made during his administration. • We will look at his administration more in detail next chapter!

33. Important cabinet member:John Quincy Adams • Secretary of State • Hmmm…. Why is this job special? • Son of John Adams • Going to be next President • Guru of foreign affairs: • Adams-Onis Treaty • Oregon • Monroe Doctorine

34. A little background first…Expansion into Florida • AL, LA, and Miss were getting crowded. • US acquired FL in 1795 through the • Pinckney Treaty • Named for American diplomatic creator Thomas Pinckney • It accomplished: • 1.) The Southern boundary of the US was set at 31’N latitude, leaving FL firmly in Spanish hands. • 2.) US citizens would be allowed free use of the Miss River thru Spanish territory. • 3.) Spain and US agreed to control the Indians living within each country’s territories and to prevent them from attacking the other country’s territory.

35. Expansion into Florida (cont.) • In the 1810’s Spain dealt with rebellions in its South American colonies. • Paid little attention to Florida. • Allowed Seminoles, Indians in FL, to attack Southern Georgia. • Americans didn’t like Seminoles b/c they let escaped slaves live with them. • General in charge of protecting US settlers was Andrew Jackson. • Told Pres Monroe, “that the possession of the Floridas would be desirable to the United States, and in sixty days it will be accomplished.” • Pres Monroe did not openly encourage him, but Jackson still invaded Florida. • He succeeded and Americans applauded him (Spain didn’t)

36. Florida is all ours… bwah-ha-ha! • Monroe (and his Sec of State, John Quincy Adams) tried to make the best of Jackson’s actions. • Adams accused Spain of breaking the Pinckney Treaty by failing to control the Seminoles. • Adams-Onis Treaty • B/t Adams & Spain’s rep Onis y Gonzales • Spain agreed to cede (give up) FL to US • Spain also gave up claim to Pacific Northwest • Now, for the 1st time, the US stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. • Set boundary b/t LA Purchase and Spanish Territory • In fact, US ceded large amount of modern day Texas.

37. Problems for Monroe: • Battle with GB over Great Lakes and boundary of Canada • Settlements: • GB ended asst with natives • Rush-Bagot Treaty • US & GB removed all warships from Great Lakes, demilitarized entire 3000 mile border • Convention of 1818 • US ships could fish in Canadian waters • Set N boundary of LA purchase (49th parallel) and gave join occupation of Oregon for 10 years

38. More problems: • Spanish Florida – boundary dispute • Seminole & Creek attacks against GA • A. Jackson chased Seminole into FL and seized Pensacola • Settlement: • Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) • Spain cedes FL to USA; set boundary of LA territory • Russia – claimed Alaska south to Oregon • Russians agreed to withdraw from Oregon – had too much land to govern

39. Monroe Doctrine – Go JQA! • Supposed to solve problems with: • Latin America • Spanish colonies declare indep. • USA feels need to protect them • Quadruple Alliance • Set up in Europe to suppress ideas of FR Rev. • Worried actions might spread to US • Austria, Britain, Russia, Prussia • Pacific Coast of North America • Russia in Oregon

40. USA Statement: you mess with Latin America, you mess with us! • Monroe Doctrine: • 1.) The U.S. would not get involved in any internal affairs of European countries, nor would it take sides in wars among them. • 2.) The U.S. recognized the existing colonies and states in the W.H. and would not interfere with them. • 3.) The U.S. would not permit any further colonization of the W.H. • 4.) Any attempt by any European power to control any nation in the W.H. would be viewed as a hostile action toward the U.S.

41. Post-War Boom & Panic Economic prosperity in 1815. Republican party dominated politics, Federalists faded out of existence. Creation of Second Bank of the United States. Panic of 1819: First Great Depression Economic downturn The Missouri Compromise Admission of the state of Missouri. Basic issue of slavery at stake. Missouri Compromise of 1820 Slavery would be permitted in Missouri. Maine would come into the union as a Free State. As the U.S. expanded westward, states north of 36° 30‘ latitude would be free states. Avoid confronting the issue of slavery for the time being!

42. Missouri Compromise

45. Important info for nationalism:Chief Justice John Marshall, builds the power of the federal gov’t. • McCulloch vs. Maryland • Congress had authority to est. a national bank. • Dartmouth vs. Woodward • Limits states power to interfere with business. • Gibbons vs. Ogden • Fed gov’t must regulate trade on interstate waterways.

46. The Election of 1824: • First election where no candidate was a leader during the Revolution. • John Quincy Adams defeated John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, Henry Clay of Kentucky, and the popular Andrew Jackson of Tennessee. • A Controversial Race: • Calhoun withdraws and runs for V.P. • Adams faces the “Passionate Orator” & the “Man of the People”.

47. The Corrupt Bargain • Jackson wins most popular votes. • Feb. 1825 Congress is required to decide election. • Clay swings Kentucky’s votes to Adams, days later Adams names Clay his Secretary of State.

48. President John Quincy Adams • First son to follow father’s footsteps • President only one term; 1825-1829 • He wrote in his diary daily between the ages of 29-49. • He wrote many times about the weaknesses of others, but here is how he described himself, “I am a man of reserved, cold, austere, and forbidding manners.”

49. J.Q. Adams • From the beginning of his administration he was challenged by the “Jacksonians” in Congress. • Very few things got accomplished while he was President. • Tariff of Abomination: • Trying to embarrass Adams, the Jacksonians in Congress proposed a tariff bill that raised rates across the board, on raw materials as well as on imported goods. • Adam’s home region of New England welcomed the higher import tariffs, but not raw materials because of their industrialized economy would lose profits.

50. J.Q. Adams • No one expected the tariff to pass, so when it did the South became very angry b/c they wanted less expensive imports. • The south called this the TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS. (one nail in the coffin toward secession) • One important event during his administration was in 1827, New Orleans held its first Mardi Gras  !