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The Rise of Napoleon, 1794-1815

The Rise of Napoleon, 1794-1815. French Expansion. 1794 Fall Harvest – worst of decade October 1795 National Convention installed new regime Directory: 5 man executive committee that ruled France 2 house legislature France still at war abroad Winning many victories and expanding territory.

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The Rise of Napoleon, 1794-1815

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  1. The Rise of Napoleon, 1794-1815

  2. French Expansion • 1794 Fall Harvest – worst of decade • October 1795 • National Convention installed new regime • Directory: 5 man executive committee that ruled France • 2 house legislature • France still at war abroad • Winning many victories and expanding territory

  3. Napoleon Bonaparte • Member of the Royal Army when the revolution began • 1793 = general • 1795 = commander of the army in Italy • Very successful commander… • Disaster • Military campaign in Egypt – unsuccessful • Back home: growing discontent with Directory

  4. Coup d’etat • Napoleon leaves his army in Egypt (sneaks away) to France • November 1799: coup d’etat of Directory • Napoleon is unchallenged in his declaration of leadership of France

  5. Napoleon Crossing the Alps, Jacques Louis David, 1800

  6. Order and Administration • New Constitution of 1799 • Napoleon is First Consul of Three Consuls • Opposition to new government was silenced • New constitution did not include the Rights • Napoleon reorganized administration of France • Prefects: local government administrators • Created standard system of taxation

  7. Peace returns to Europe – N. is signing treaties and concordats to end war • 1801: concordat with Pope Pius VII that allows Catholics to worship in France again • Napoleon decides to recapture Haiti – executes leaders of the slave revolt – but isn’t able to take Haiti over again • Reinstituted slavery in French colonies • 1802: N. elected Consul for Life

  8. Napoleonic Code • Civil Code of 1804 • Reaffirmed equality of persons before the law • Reaffirmed security against arbitrary arrest • Private property rights reaffirmed • Principle of free market economy affirmed • Freedom of speech silenced • Society dominated again by notables – class of land owners

  9. 1804: declared himself Emperor • Modeled his court on Versailles • Republican state eroded, but not destroyed • Napoleonic Code in place • Legislatures still met • Written constitution still existed • Popular ratification still occurred for some changes in the regime

  10. The Napoleonic Empire, 1804-1815 • War on the Continent • 1805: France defeated Austria, Prussia, and Russia • 1805 - Trafalgar: Great Britain defeats France and controls international trade (blockade on France) • Napoleon organized his territory into satellite kingdoms run by his family members • 1806: Elimination of the Holy Roman Empire • 1806-7: Economic warfare – Continental System – closure of all French controlled ports to GB • Continental System led to invasion of Spain and capture of the Pope

  11. Arc de Triumphe As a result of his many victories, Napoleon begins building the Arc de Triumphe in 1806

  12. Napoleon’s Grand Empire • French Empire • Dependent States • Spain, the Netherlands, the kingdom of Italy, the Swiss Republic, the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, and the Confederation of the Rhine • Allied States (defeated by Nap. and forced to take up fight against Great Britain) • Prussia, Austria, and Russia • Reign of the Bonapartes • Joseph, King of Naples till 1808 • Caroline, Queen of Naples 1808 • Louis, King of Holland • Jerome, King of Westphalia

  13. Napoleonic Empire

  14. Stages of Napoleonic Occupation • Stage 1 = military conquest & occupation • Stage 2 = establishment of native satellite gov’t. • draft new constitution • regularize relationships w/ France (Spain and Grand Duchy of Warsaw stopped here) • Stage 3 = great internal reform & reorganization • esp. Belgium, Rhine territories, Italy and bulk of Germany • Reform all that is FEUDAL!!!

  15. Rise in Nationalism • European countries begin to unite around the ideas of common language, religion, and national symbols THAT ARE NOT FRENCH • Under Napoleon France has become a HATED OPPRESSOR

  16. Austrian War and Invasion of Russia • June 1812: 650,000 French men invade Russia • Win at Smolensk and Borodino, occupy Moscow • Moscow is mostly deserted • Fire destroys most of Moscow – Russians scorched-earth tactic • N. orders retreat to Germany – only 15% of the men make it back • Defeat in Russia = Beginning of the End of Napoleon

  17. Europe’s defeat of Napoleon • Austria, Prussia, Russia and Great Britain unite • Summer of 1813: 400,000 in French Army • Battle begins in eastern Germany • Germans finally rise up against the French • French retreat • French generals refused to continue to fight • April 1814, Napoleon abdicated his throne • Louis XVIII marched into Paris with the Allied forces • Napoleon was exiled to Elba

  18. Napoleon’s return • Napoleon escapes from Elba and heads to the south of France • Louis XVIII sends troops to intercept him, but they join him • Louis XVIII flees to Belgium • Napoleon triumphantly reentered Paris • First task: reorganize for battle • Gets 100,000 men • June 18, 1815: Battle of Waterloo

  19. Battle of Waterloo • English general, Duke of Wellington, led a coalition of Austrians, Prussians and Russians • Defeated Napoleon • Abdicated again (ended 100 Days) • Louis XVIII entered Paris • Exile of Napoleon to South Atlantic, St. Helena • Napoleon died in 1821 at age 52

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