Nationalism and Revolution Around the World 1910-1939

1. Nationalism and Revolution Around the World 1910-1939 World History Chapter 12

2. Struggle in Latin America • In the early 1900’s Latin American economies bloomed, selling natural resources, and buying products from industrial nations, but most of the benefits were controlled by a small group of creoles (descendants of European settlers) and mestizos (descendants of Europeans and Native American heritage). Most of the rest of the populations, including the growing middle class, had no control of the government, and did not share in the growing wealth. • The Mexican Revolution • By 1910, Porfirio Diaz had ruled in Mexico for 35 years, winning election after election. • Mexico was open to foreign investment, and the benefits were controlled by a few at the top. • Faced with growing opposition from the poor as well as wealthy landowners jealous of foreign investors, Diaz resigned in 1911. • Diaz was succeeded by Francisco Madero, who two years later was assassinated by General Victoriano Huerta. • Huerta was in turn overthrown by the rebels “Pancho” Villa, Emiliano Zapata (Peasants), and Venustiano Carranza (landowner). • Carranza betrayed his former allies, and became president in 1917.

3. Revolution Leads to Change • Constitution of 1917 • Carranza reluctantly approved a new constitution in 1917, giving the government more control over the economy. • The government could Nationalize estates, businesses, resources; break up large estates in land reform; made church land a part of the state; included a minimum wage and permitted strikes. • The PRI Controls Mexico • Carranza’s presidency did not end the fighting however, and in 1920, his government was, in turn, overthrown. Finally, in 1929, a government emerged in the form of the PRI, (Institutional Revolution Party) bringing the business, military, workers and peasants together. The PRI gave each group a bit of what it wanted, and maintained power until 2000. • Reforms Materialize • Over the next few decades, the government restored order, instituted land reforms and redistribution, and nationalized the oil fields.

4. Nationalism at Work in Latin America • Economic Nationalism • As the effects of the Great Depression spread from America to Europe, demand for Latin American resources dropped and prices for industrial goods increased. • This led to the decline of Latin American economies, and led them to want to have industries themselves so they wouldn’t have to depend on other countries. • Political Nationalism • Poor economic times brought fears of instability, and authoritarian governments different types arose in Latin America. People hoped these governments would protect their interests and promote stronger economies. • Cultural Nationalism • Along with economic and political nationalism, Latin Americans rejected many European ideas, customs, and even art. People looked back at the accomplishments of their ancestors, creating murals inspired by their heritage. • Good Neighbor Policy • During and after WWI, U.S. investment in Mexico and Latin America grew, as European influence declined. Because of this, American troops were used to protect American interests in these countries. During the Mexican Revolution, Pancho Villa killed several Americans, prompting a hunt for the criminal by the Army. This caused a lot of resentment by Mexicans. • When Franklin Roosevelt became president, he instituted a new policy, the Good Neighbor Policy, reduce the troops in foreign countries, and respect the policies of it’s neighbors. This greatly improved relations between the U.S. and Latin America.

5. Nationalism in Africa and the Middle East • Africans Resist Colonial Rule • During the early 1900’s, most of Africa was claimed by one of the European powers. Africans were forced off of the best lands, and were forced to work in the mines or on the plantations. Africans who did have their own land were not allowed to grow the most profitable crops, or were forced to grow cash crops instead of food. • During WWI, more than a million Africans served in the trenches in Europe, with the hope that this would bring some benefit, but in this, they were disappointed. • Opposing Imperialism • Many Africans hoped that President Woodrow Wilson’s dedication to self-determination would include Africa, but if anything, conditions got worse. In this environment, socialism found a ready audience. • Racial Segregation and Nationalism in South Africa • Racial discrimination was perhaps worst in South Africa, where Native Africans were, by law, not allowed to have certain jobs, had to live in ghettos, needed passes to go anywhere, and were forbidden to vote. These segregation laws collectively were called Apartheid. • South Africa was also home to a growing African rights movement, the African National Congress. Though they had little real power, the ANC built a framework for political action that would be crucial in later years.

6. Nationalism and an “Africa for Africans” • In the 1920’s, a movement known as Pan-Africanism began to emphasize a message of Africa for Africans, and to resist colonial rule. • Pan-African Congress Forges Ties • In 1919, W.E.B. Dubois, a Harlem Renaissance writer, helped to organize a Pan-African Congress in Paris, where the Allies were debating the Paris Peace Conference. The Pan-African Congress lobbied the Peace Conference to formally include rights for Africans. While this did not happen, it established cooperation between African Nations. • The Negritude Movement Shows Pride • As a part of changing attitudes, Africans began to celebrate African heritage, looking at the ancient cultures that have existed there, rejecting the negative stereotypes. • Egypt Gains Independence • Egypt, unlike other African nations, was able to take advantage of political sensitivities, and by resisting British rule, managed to gain independence in 1922.

7. Turkey and Persia Modernize • Ataturk Sets Goals • Though the Ottoman Empire collapsed at the end of WWI, the Ottoman Turks held the Turkish Peninsula, and fought to build a modern nation. • In 1920, the Ottoman Sultan signed the Treaty of Sevres, giving up their Arab lands, as well as lands to Greece. But when Greece tried to assert it’s claims, a Turkish nationalist, Mustafa Kemal, overthrew the Sultan, and threw the Greeks out. He took the name Ataturk, and commenced to pull Turkey, kicking and screaming, into the modern age. • Westernization Transforms Turkey • Ataturk created a secular Turkey, encouraged industrial expansion, set up factories, and brought in Westerners to help with the transition. Some thought Ataturk’s decision to separate religion and state to be a mistake, but many saw him as a hero. • Nationalism and Reform at work in Persia • Ataturk’s reforms in Turkey inspired Persia to reform. In 1925 an army officer, Reza Kahn, overthrew the Shah, and proceeded to institute many reforms, including the secularization of Iran, forced people to wear western clothing, built up industry, railroads, and even encouraged women to participate in public life.

8. Arab Nationalism in the Middle East • WWI had shown the power of modern technology on the battlefield, and oil, largely concentrated in the middle east, became important to the world powers. • Pan-Arabism Grows • Much like Africa, the Middle East began to experience a cultural resurgence, largely as a response to foreign influence. This was expressed as a shared heritage and language, a commonality of beliefs. • Betrayal at the Peace Conference • Arabs felt betrayed by the Paris peace conference, because they had aided the allies during the war, especially against the Ottoman empire, and they had been led to believe that this help would be rewarded with self determination. The anger caused by this betrayal, as well as the continued interference by western powers, has expressed itself in the form of revolts and terrorism. • Promises in Palestine • (Zionist movement, France, Dreyfus Affair) • Promises to Arabs • Balfour Declaration (1917) • A Bitter Struggle Begins • As Jews and Muslims both immigrated to Palestine, conflicts started over land

9. India Seek Self Rule • Calls for Independence • Protests against British rule came to a head in the city of Amritsar on April 13, 1919, where following violence to British citizens, a large peaceful gathering of Indians was attacked by British troops, causing almost 400 people and injuring over 1100. • This was just one incident showing Indian frustration with British rule. British promises of greater self rule during the War proved to be exaggerated, even though more than 1 million Indians served abroad during WWI. • At this time, a new voice came to the front, a western educated middle class Indian named Mohandas Gandhi. He had been advocating against the apartheid laws of South Africa for 20 years as a lawyer.

10. The Power of Nonviolence • Gandhi's Ideas • Gandhi believed in the practice of ahimsa, a Hindu tradition of non-violence and reverence for all life. By using the power of love, Gandhi believed that even the worst wrongdoer’s could be converted to the right course of action. To fight injustice, Gandhi advocated the use of non-violent resistance. • Gandhi’s ideas did not come solely from his native land. The ideas of non-violent resistance also came from studying Henry David Thoreau’s ideas of civil disobedience, as well as ideas of democracy and nationalism. • Gandhi Sets an Example • Gandhi called for Indians to boycott British goods, and to manufacture their own goods. The spinning wheel became the symbol of Indian national pride, and the campaign of civil disobedience grew.

11. Gandhi Takes a Stand: The Salt March • To mobilize mass support, Gandhi decided to stand against the British salt monopoly. • Breaking the Law • In 1930, Gandhi set out with 78 followers on a 240 mile march to the sea, to get salt. As he passed through villages, thousands joined the march. Gandhi was arrested, but his campaign encouraged others to break the law. Tens of thousands of Indians ended up being arrested. • Steps Towards Freedom • Gandhi’s actions, and the harsh British responses gained international attention. Stories of how the British clubbed peaceful protesters brought harsh condemnation, and the British began to lose control of the situation, granting some control to the Indian political parties.

12. Looking Ahead • The promise of Indian independence was delayed by the start of WWII, and many Indians were outraged, but millions joined the fight against fascism. By the end of the war, Indian independence could no longer be put off, but this also brought Muslim-Hindu hatred to the fore.

13. Upheavals in China • The Chinese Republic in Trouble • In 1911, the empress of the Qing dynasty left the throne to a 5 year old boy, who was quickly ignored, and whose domain did not even cover the forbidden city. Outside, a new republic was set up under Sun Yixian, which could not hold the country together in the face of warlord uprisings and foreign imperialism. • The Warlord Problem • In 1912, Sun Yixian stepped down in favor of General Yuan Shikai, but the general tried to install himself as the next emperor, and the country descended into chaos. The army would not support him, and fractured. By 1916, Yuan was dead, and the country was divided. • Foreign Imperialism • As China fragmented, foreign influence grew, and foreign merchants dominated Chinese ports, missionaries moved throughout the land, and foreign soldiers were uncontested. • At the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, Japan was given control of German possessions in China, much to China’s dismay. • May Fourth Movement • In response to these developments, student protests erupted across China, calling for and end to foreign influence, and for an end to Chinese practices that they believed were holding them back, like Confucianism and foot binding. Women played a large part in this intellectual movement. • The Appeal of Marxism • Some Chinese students favored the ideas of Marx and Lenin, and revolutionaries from the Soviet Union were eager to help train students and officers to become the vanguard of a revolution. By the 1920’s, Chinese communists were a potent force.

14. Struggle for New China • Jiang Jieshi Leads the Nationalists • By 1921, Sun Yixian was the leader of the Guomindang (Nationalist Party), trying to gain control of southern China, but was unable to gain the assistance of any of the great powers, so Sun reached out to the Communists for help. • With Sun Yixiang’s death in 1925, a young army officer, Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek) took control of the party. With the help of the Communists, he managed to unite most of the provinces. Once in control of Beijing though, he turned on the Communists, ordering the killing of party members, and the Guomindang party was established in power. • Mao Zedong and the Communists • Mao Zedong (or, Mao Tse-tung), a young peasant, evaded the Guomindang forces and took control of the Communists. Where the Communists had control in the south, Mao instituted land reforms, and redistributed lands to the peasants. • The Long March • Chiang Kai-Shek wanted to destroy the Communists, and from 1934 to 1935 forced the Communists on the “Long March” from southern China to northwestern China. During the campaign,. Lao admonished the Communists to treat the local peasant well, paying for what they needed. This brought the goodwill of the local populations. The Long March was a series of small battles and guerilla fights that covered 6000 miles, and cost the lives of more than 90% of the Communists on the journey. (100,000 to 8,000)

15. Japanese Invasion • In 1931, China faced a greater threat, a new Japanese invasion of Manchuria (north-eastern China). • As the pressure grew, Chiang Kai-Shek was forced to end his campaign against the Communists, and even work with them against the Japanese. • In 1937, the Japanese began what would be known as the second Sino-Japanese War, invading China proper. Japanese airplanes bombed Chinese cities, and Japanese forces overran Chinese forces. Beijing and Guangzhou. The Nationalists and Communists were forced to retreat into the interior of China. • After a long siege, Japanese troops captured the Guomindang capital of Nanjing. After the cities surrender, the Japanese murdered hundreds of thousands of soldiers and civilians, and did worse to the survivors. The cruelty the Japanese showed became known as the “Rape of Nanjing”. • Help for the Chinese came from the Soviets, Great Britain, France, and the U.S. • Burma Road • Flying Tigers

16. Looking Ahead • The bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941 would bring America into the war, as an ally of China. By the end of the war, the Nationalists would be in nominal control of the government, but Mao’s Communists had organized the villagers and would force Chiang and the Nationalists from the mainland, and bring revolutionary change to China.

17. Conflicting Forces in Japan • Japan on the Rise in the 1920’s • With the end of the Meiji reign in 1926, Hirohito became emperor for the next 63 years (1989). During this time, Japan experienced remarkable growth, and extreme nationalism. • Growth and Expansion After WWI • Japan grew tremendously after WWI, becoming a true industrial power. Japan expanded it’s possessions in Korea and China. • Liberal Changes in the 1920’s • Democracy began to spread in Japan, and liberal reforms started to change the direction of Japanese politics, but the Zaibatsu moved to expand it’s control of government, and pressure Japan to keep expanding. • Relationships with other powers grew worse however with Japan’s continued ambitions, and Japan agreed to limit it’s navy and reduce it’s military budget. • Problems Below the Surface • Widespread poverty • Conflict between conservative military and corrupt government • Western ideas and respect for authority • 1923 earthquake caused economic crisis • 100,000 deaths • 650,000 buildings • 45% of workers lost jobs

18. The Nationalist Reaction • Unrest Grows • As the effects of the Great Depression came to Japan, Japan’s economic worries grew even worse. • The Military condemned the government for not standing up to the western powers, and pushed for renewed expansion, as Asian colonies would add greatly needed raw materials. • The Manchurian Incident • To forward nationalist interests, in 1931 a group of Japanese officers blew up a section of Japanese owned railroad in Manchuria, then claimed it was done by the Chinese. This excuse was all the Army needed to expand it’s power, and proceeded to capture Manchuria without the approval of the government. The Japanese military set up a puppet government in their territory of Manchukuo led by the last Chinese Emperor Puyi. • The Japanese government objected to the actions of the military, but the Japanese public sided with the military. The League of Nations condemned the takeover, and the Japanese left the League, as well as repudiating treaties limiting the Japanese navy and military.

19. Militarists in Power • Traditional Values Revived • In the 1930’s, ultranationalists assassinated more liberal members of the Japanese Diet (congress), and military leaders plotted to overthrow the government. Though the government remained in civilian hands, it accepted military domination in 1937. • The ultraconservative government cracked down on socialists and suppressed democratic freedoms. Warrior values were revived, and a cult was built around the Emperor. • More Expansion in China • During the Chinese troubles, Japan expanded it’s influence there, expecting to complete it’s control of China within a few years, but fierce resistance stalled Japanese advances. • Alliance with Germany and Italy (Axis powers)