Nationalism and Revolution Around the World 1910-1939

1. Nationalism and Revolution Around the World 1910-1939 World History Chapter 12 Section 1

2. Struggle in Latin America Summary In the early 1900’s Latin American economies bloomed, selling natural resources buying products from industrial nations, but most of the benefits were controlled by a small group of creoles (descendants of European settlers) and mestizos (descendants of Europeans and Native American heritage). Most of the rest of the populations, including the growing middle class, had no control of the government, and did not share in the growing wealth.

3. What was the The Mexican Revolution? • By 1910, Porfirio Diaz had ruled in Mexico for 35 years, winning election after election. • Mexico was open to foreign investment, and the benefits were controlled by a few at the top. • Faced with growing opposition from the poor as well as wealthy landowners jealous of foreign investors, Diaz resigned in 1911. • Diaz was succeeded by Francisco Madero, who two years later was assassinated by General Victoriano Huerta. • Huerta was in turn overthrown by the rebels “Pancho” Villa, Emiliano Zapata (Peasants), and Venustiano Carranza (landowner). • Carranza betrayed his former allies, and became president in 1917.

4. How did Revolution Leads to Change? Constitution of 1917 • Carranza reluctantly approved a new constitution in 1917, giving the government more control over the economy. • The government could Nationalize estates, businesses, resources; • break up large estates in land reform; • made church land a part of the state; • included a minimum wage and permitted strikes. The PRI Controls Mexico • Carranza’s presidency did not end the fighting however, and in 1920, his government was, in turn, overthrown. • Finally, in 1929, a government emerged in the form of the PRI, (Institutional Revolution Party) bringing the business, military, workers and peasants together. • The PRI gave each group a bit of what it wanted, and maintained power until 2000. Reforms Materialize • Over the next few decades, the government restored order, instituted land reforms and redistribution, and nationalized the oil fields.

5. How was Nationalism at Work in Latin America? Economic Nationalism • As the effects of the Great Depression spread from America to Europe, demand for Latin American resources dropped and prices for industrial goods increased. • This led to the decline of Latin American economies, and led them to want to have industries themselves so they wouldn’t have to depend on other countries. Political Nationalism • Poor economic times brought fears of instability, and authoritarian governments different types arose in Latin America. • People hoped these governments would protect their interests and promote stronger economies.

6. How was Nationalism at Work in Latin America? Cont. Cultural Nationalism • Along with economic and political nationalism, Latin Americans rejected many European ideas, customs, and even art. • People looked back at the accomplishments of their ancestors, creating murals inspired by their heritage.

7. How was Nationalism at Work in Latin America? Cont. Good Neighbor Policy • During and after WWI, U.S. investment in Mexico and Latin America grew, as European influence declined. • Because of this, American troops were used to protect American interests in these countries. During the Mexican Revolution, Pancho Villa killed several Americans, prompting a hunt for the criminal by the Army. This caused a lot of resentment by Mexicans. • When Franklin Roosevelt became president, he instituted a new policy, the Good Neighbor Policy, reduce the troops in foreign countries, and respect the policies of it’s neighbors. This greatly improved relations between the U.S. and Latin America.