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CH. 14-RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION

CH. 14-RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION. BEGINNING OF THE MODERN AGE 1300-1650. THE RENAISSANCE. DEFINITION- PERIOD OF CREATIVITY AND CHANGE IN POLITICS, SOCIETY, ECONOMICS AND CULTURE.—a REBIRTH MAIN CHARACTERISTICS : A NEW WORLDVIEW- A BROADER SENSE OF WHERE MAN BELONGED

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CH. 14-RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION

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  1. CH. 14-RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION BEGINNING OF THE MODERN AGE 1300-1650

  2. THE RENAISSANCE • DEFINITION- PERIOD OF CREATIVITY AND CHANGE IN POLITICS, SOCIETY, ECONOMICS AND CULTURE.—a REBIRTH • MAIN CHARACTERISTICS: A NEW WORLDVIEW- A BROADER SENSE OF WHERE MAN BELONGED -A SPIRIT OF ADVENTURE -GREAT ENTHUSIASM FOR LEARNING -GROWTH OF HUMANISM-A FOCUS ON MORE WORLDLY SUBJECTS INSTEAD OF JUST RELIGION. THE LIBERAL ARTS - A GROWTH IN CHALLENGES TOWARDS RULERS AND THE CHURCH BEGAN IN ITALY: REASONS: • CENTER OF TRADE AND CULTURAL DIFFUSION 2. PROSPEROUS- MANY WEALTHY FAMILIES WHO SUPPORTED LEARNING (THE MEDICIS) 3. WAS BASED ON A REVIVAL OF INTEREST IN GREECE AND ROME 4, MAIN CITY- FLORENCE, ITALY

  3. ART OF THE RENAISSANCE MAIN INNOVATIONS: USE OF PERSPECTIVE TO CREATE REALISM -USE OF ANGLES AND SHADOWS TO CREATE “3-D”-created the illusion of depth 3 GENIUSES OF THE RENAISSANCE ART • LEONARDO DA VINCI:-BORN 1452 --”THE RENAISSANCE MAN”-MANY VARIED INTERESTS AND TALENTS: PAINTER, ARCHITECT, SCIENTIST… --DISSECTED CORPSES TO GET MORE REALISTIC VIEW OF HUMAN BODY --KEPT NOTEBOOKS IN MIRROR SCRIPT --MONA LISA --LAST SUPPER --SKETCHED AIRPLANES AND SUBMARINES

  4. MICHELANGELO- TORMENTED GENIUS- PREFERRED TO SCULPT -WORKED FOR POPE TO BEAUTIFY THE VATICAN -THE SISTINE CHAPEL-TOOK 3 YEARS-”THE AGONY AND THE ECSTACY” -STATUES; DAVID, MOSES, AND THE PIETA -THE DOME OF ST. PETER 3. RAPHAEL- YOUNGEST OF THE THREE - SPECIALIZED IN PAINTINGS OF MARY -THE” SCHOOL OF ATHENS”-MURAL OF ANCIENT ATHENS -ALMOST FINISHED THE SISTINE CHAPEL WHEN MICHELANGELO QUIT

  5. NORTHERN RENAISSANCE PAINTERS THE RENAISSANCE SOON MOVED NORTH FROM ITALY TO EUROPE- MERCHANTS, TRAVELERS… -THE GERMAN LEONARDO- ALBRECHT DURER- ENGRAVING --PETER BRUEGHEL-”PEASANT BRUEGHEL”-PAINTED SCENES OF COMMON PEOPLE --PETER PAUL RUBENS- GREAT FLEMISH (FLANDERS-BELGIUM) PAINTER

  6. RENAISSANCE WRITERS • 1. CASTIGLIONE- WROTE A MANUEL FOR THE RENAISSANCE MAN- BOOK OF ETIQUETTE • 2. MACCHIAVELLI- DIPLOMAT- WROTE “THE PRINCE”- -CREATES HIS IMAGE OF THE PERFECT RULER: -”THE END JUSTIFIES THE MEANS” - POWER COUNTS MORE THAN IDEALS AND VALUES - THE RULER MUST BE RUTHLESS (MACCHIAVELLIAN) -it is better for a leader to be feared rather than loved

  7. NORTHERN RENAISSANCE WRITERS THE NORTHERN HUMANISTS: • ERASMUS- “IN PRAISE OF FOLLY”--DUTCH- ATTACKED THE CHURCH • RABELAIS- FRENCH- “GARGANTUA” ABOUT THE ABUSES OF POWER BY ROYALTY • CERVANTES- SPANISH- “DON QUIXOTE” • SIR THOMAS MORE- ENGLISH- WROTE “UTOPIA”-CREATED THE PERFECT GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY • WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE- WORLD’S GREATEST WRITER? -PLAYS AND SONNETS -GREAT EMOTIONS -REDEFINED THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

  8. THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION OF THE RENAISSANCE A NEW IDEA ABOUT MAN’S PLACE IN THE UNIVERSE-HELIOCENTRIC (SUN-CENTERED) REPLACED GEOCENTRIC (EARTH CENTERED) --CHALLENGED WHAT PEOPLE ACTUALLY SAW, AND THE TEACHINGS OF THE CHURCH • COPERNICUS- POLISH SCIENTIST- FIRST TO PROPOSE HELIOCENTRIC. BUT COULDN’T PROVE IT/ KEPLER- supported him mathematically • GALILEO- SUPPORTED COPERNICUS—invented telescope --WAS PUT ON TRIAL BY CHURCH --RECANTED, BUT STILL TAUGHT THEORY --ALSO DISCOVERED THEORIES OF THE PENDULUM AND THE VACUUM -- PERFORMED EXPERIMENTS FROM TOP OF TOWER OF PISA

  9. THE NEW SCIENTIFIC METHOD USED OBSERVATION, HYPOTHESES, EXPERIMENT AND CONCLUSION INSTEAD OF GUESSWORK --BACON -USED EXPERIMENT --DESCARTES- USED REASONING- “I THINK, THEREFORE I AM” SIR ISAAC NEWTON- CONSIDERED THE GREATEST THINKER OF THE AGE -THEORY OF GRAVITY VESALIUS- FIRST ANATOMY TEXTBOOK HARVEY- CIRCULATORY SYSTEM PARE- PREVENTING INFECTIONS VANLEEUWENHOEK- INVENTED MICROSCOPE

  10. THE PRINTING PRESS 1450- JOHANN GUTENBERG- PRINTS FIRST BOOKS IN EUROPE --THE GUTENBERG BIBLE EFFECTS; 1. INCREASED LITERACY 2. SPREAD RENAISSANCE IDEAS

  11. THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION BEGAN IN 1517 DEFINTION: A SWEEPING CHANGE IN THE CATHOLIC CHURCH..MANY CHURCH DOCTRINES AND PRACTICES WERE CHALLENGED FOR THE FIRST TIME. --LED TO THE CREATION OF MANY PROTESTANT RELIGIONS. MAIN CAUSES: • MANY FELT CHURCH WAS TOO WORLDLY AND CONCERNED ABOUT MONEY • CHURCH FOUGHT MANY WARS • SALE OF INDULGENCES: PARDONS FOR SINS JOHN TETZEL STARTS SELLING INDULGENCES FOR SINS NOT YET COMMITTED

  12. MARTIN LUTHER- A GERMAN MONK IN WITTENBERG, GERMANY POSTS THE “95 THESES”—COMPLAINTS AGAINST THE CHURCH --COPIES ARE PRINTED AND SPREAD QUICKLY --CHURCH TELLS LUTHER TO RECANT—HE REFUSES --1521- LUTHER IS EXCOMMUNICATED

  13. LUTHER’S TEACHINGS: • SALVATION IS ACHIEVED BY FAITH ALONE – NOT GOOD WORKS • ALL CHRISTIANS HAVE EQUAL ACCESS TO HEAVEN • THE BIBLE IS THE SOLE TRUTH • BIBLE MUST BE TRANSLATED INTO GERMAN SO ALL CAN LEARN IT • REJECTED 5 SACRAMENTS NOT MENTIONED IN BIBLE • CLERGY CAN MARRY LUTHERAN RELIGION SPREAD RAPIDLY.. A SERIES OF WARS BREAK OUT. “SETTLED” BY THE PEACE OF AUGSBURG”- 1555- ALLOWED PRINCES TO CHOOSE RELIGION FOR THEIR STATE.

  14. JOHN CALVIN —FRENCH PRIEST • STARTED A THEOCRACY IN SWITZERLAND • PREACHED DOCTRINE OF PREDESTINATION • ONE OF HIS FOLLOWERS- JOHN KNOX –STARTED THE PRESBYTERIAN RELIGION.

  15. THE REFORMATION SPREADS THE ANABAPTISTS– BELIEVED ONLY ADULTS SHOULD RECEIVE BAPTISM -CALLED FOR SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE --GAVE BIRTH TO THE BAPTISTS, QUAKERS,MENNONITES AND AMISH HENRY VIII AND THE ENGLISH REFORMATION -HENRY WAS CATHOLIC. ASKED FOR ANNULMENT FROM MARRIAGE WITH CATHERINE (BORE A DAUGHTER--MARY). POPE REFUSES -HENRY DECLARES HIMSELF THE HEAD OF THE ENGLISH CHURCH—”THE ACT OF SUPREMACY” -HENRY MARRIES ANNE BOLEYN (.BORE HIM ELIZABETH) -MARRIES JANE SEYMOUR (HAS SON EDWARD) -WHEN HENRY DIES- HIS CHILDREN IMPOSE THEIR RELIGIOUS BELIEFS ON ENGLAND

  16. THE CATHOLIC(COUNTER)REFORMATION AN ATTEMPT TO WIN BACK SOULS TO THE CHURCH: 1530s and 1540s MAIN EVENTS: • THE COUNCIL OF TRENT- 1545- HUGE CHURCH MEETING RESTATES MAIN BELIEFS OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH • THE INQUISITION -CHURCH COURT THAT USED TORTURE, TESTIMONY AND EXECUTION TO FIGHT HERETICS. LIST OF FORBIDDEN BOOKS • IGNATIUS LOYOLA AND THE JESUITS DEFEND AND SPREAD THE DOCTRINES OF THE CHURCH • WIDESPREAD PERSECUTION OF PROTESTANTS AND JEWS. “WITCH HUNTS” BY THE MID 1600s, THE CATHOLIC CHURCH WAS GREATLY CHANGED AND WEAKENED.

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