Renaissance and reformation

1. Renaissance and reformation

2. The Renaissance • Began in Italy, then spread north. • Sparked by a new interest in the culture of ancient Rome. • Was a time of “renewed” creativity and political, social, economic change

3. An “awakening” in the 1400s after the dark ages. • Humanism- an intellectual movement focused on worldly rather than religious issues. • Believed that education stimulated creative powers • Return to the “humanities” – history, poetry, rhetoric

4. Wealthy patrons including Popes & princes heavily supported. • Much religious & humanist art • Artists learned the rules of perspective & shading & portrayed the human body more accurately. • Use of geometric shapes • R. Architects rejected Gothic style and adopted columns, arches, & domes.

5. The Printing Revolution • In 1456, Johann Gutenberg from Germany used the 1st printing press • 1st complete ed. of the Bible • Used ideas from China & Korea • Brought immense changes • People now learned to read • Learned a broad range of knowledge

6. The Protestant Reformation Abuses in the Church • The church was very wealthy & powerful. • Popes had a lavish lifestyle & financed the arts. • To pay for this, some promoted the sale of indulgences. (less time in purgatory) • Once given for good deeds…

7. Luther’s Protest • Began in 1517 • Led by a German monk & professor, Martin Luther • In his hometown of Wittenberg, the priest was selling indulgences • Luther was outraged and nailed his 95 theses to the door of the church. • Copies were distributed across Europe & the pope called on Luther to recant his views. • Luther refused & was excommunicated.

8. Reformation Ideas Spread • The Holy Roman Emperor did not support him & made him an outlaw. • Some princes & thousands of others supported him and renounced the authority of the pope. • Beliefs? • The Bible is the word of God, not the pope. • Salvation through faith, not works • Priests are regular people & could marry. • Only 2/7 sacraments were in the Bible

9. Reformation Ideas Spread • Lutheranism was the answer to years of Church corruption. • Many peasants followed Luther and revolts erupted across Germany. • The Peace of Augsburg (1555) allowing the new religion legally exist. • N. Germany mostly went Lutheran (Protestant) & the S. remained Catholic. Peace of Augsburg, Germany

10. The Peasant Revolt - 1525

11. ReformationEurope(Late 16c)

12. ProtestantChurchesinFrance(Late 16c)

13. Reformation Ideas Spread Calvinism • John Calvin followed Luther in France & Switzerland • Calvinists believed in strict morality • Spread through western Europe & faced opposition from Catholics and Lutherans • Other more radical churches formed later, like Anabaptists

14. Reformation Ideas Spread The English Reformation • King Henry VIII was the first to become Protestant in England. • for political reasons, he wanted a divorce… • Married Ann Boleyn, who bore him Elizabeth, but married 4 more times & finally had Edward • Started the Church of England (Anglican) • After Henry died, so did his teenage son, so his ½ sister, Mary Tudor was in line for the throne.

15. Queen Mary was Catholic & had hundreds of Protestants burned at the stake. • When she died, her sister Elizabeth became queen & restored the Anglican Church. • Queen Elizabeth I had a long reign & restored unity to England. • Now a Protestant country

16. The Catholic Reformation • Many Catholics also knew they had to reform themselves. • The Council of Trent (1545) tried to end abuses. • To deal w/ the Protestant threat, the Inquisition continued (torture of Protestants & Jews) • Jews were persecuted by all