Renaissance and Reformation

1. Renaissance and Reformation Warm Up Define Renaissance Renaissance – Rebirth of classical ideas. The Renaissance was a time of creativity and change in many areas – political, social, economic and cultural. Emphasis placed on the achievements of individual human beings. World History A

2. The Renaissance Began in Italy • Renewed interest in Roman literature and life. • Ruins of Roman empire dotted the Italian countryside. • Crusades and trade with the Middle East Brought Italians into contact with Byzantine civilization. • Increased trade brought wealth and wealth brought the leisure time to pursue other interests. • Byzantine scholars had preserved much learning from classical Greece and Rome. • The Pope made Rome the capitol of the Catholic Church in the West.

3. Humanism • Define “humanism” • Humanism – intellectual movement at the heart of the Italian Renaissance that focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues. • Humanistswere usually Christians who believed that the individual in the here and now had an important role to play. • Education was important. • Emphasis on individual achievement. • Emphasis on classical Greek and Roman texts.

4. Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art – Leonardo • Leonardo da Vinci (1452) – artist (Mona Lisa, The Last Supper), inventor ( helicopter, weapons, music box, many more), architect, botanist, musician, anatomy, optics, engineering.

5. Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art – Leonardo La Giaconda: The Mona Lisa – Louvre Museum, Paris

6. Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art – Leonardo Helicopter

7. Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art – Leonardo Trebuchet

8. Michelangelo – Italian painter and sculptor. Total realism in art. Pieta and David. Murals on the ceilings of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican. Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art - Michelangelo

9. Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art - Michelangelo The Pieta

10. Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art - Michelangelo The David – Florence, Italy

11. Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art - Michelangelo

12. Italian Genius of Renaissance Writing - Machiavelli • Machiavelli published a book in 1513, The Prince. Theorized about how a perfect ruler would govern. • Stressed that the end justifies the means. Urged rulers to use whatever means necessary to achieve their goals.

13. The Northern Renaissance • Renaissance moved to France, Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands. • Erasmus – Dutch priest and Humanist. Called for a translation of the Bible from Latin into the vernacular of each nation, so that common people could read it. He was disturbed by the corruption in the Catholic Church and called for reform.

14. Genius Writers of the Northern Renaissance • William Shakespeare – England. Playwright between 1590-1613. Wrote about the actual human condition of his time. • Cervates – Spain. Novelist. Wrote Don Quixote.

15. The Printing Revolution • Printing Press – allowed new ideas to spread more easily. Spread from China to Middle East to Europe. • Gutenberg: invented a new type of printing press. Used movable type. • Books suddenly within reach of ordinary person.

16. Protestant Reformation • Selling indulgences - The Church taught that most Christians after death went to purgatory to suffer a time of punishment for their sins before going to heaven. Indulgences were intended to remit a part of that time. They were granted previous to death by the Church for various good works that came to include monetary offerings. This last became very controversial because it appeared that the Church was selling the right to avoid all or part of an individual’s time in purgatory.

17. Protestant Reformation • Martin Luther – Catholic priest in Germany who Protested the corruption in the church and proposed reform. • Published 95 Theses. • Was excommunicated • Began his own church – Lutheran Church • Translated Bible into German.

18. Protestant Reformation • Anglican Church (textbook, page 351) – Protestant Church in England. • Begun by Henry VIII in 1534.

19. Protestant Reformation • Anglican Church (textbook, page 351) – Protestant Church in England. • Begun by Henry VIII so he could divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon.

20. Protestant Reformation • Anglican Church (textbook, page 351) – Protestant Church in England. • Begun by Henry VIII so he could divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. • Henry married Anne Boleyn, whom he had beheaded only a few years later.

21. The Church of England • Between 1536 and 1540, Henry had monasteries and convents closed. • When Henry died in 1547, his 10 year old son Edward became king. He “ruled” only 5 years. • Henry’s Catholic daughter Mary I came to the throne. Tried to return England to Catholicism. Burned dissenters at the stake. “Bloody Mary”

22. The Church of England • Between 1536 and 1540, Henry had monasteries and convents closed. • When Henry died in 1547, his 10 year old son Edward became king. He “ruled” only 5 years. • Henry’s Catholic daughter Mary came to the throne. Tried to return England to Catholicism. Burned dissenters at the stake. “Bloody Mary” • When Mary died in 1558, Henry’s Protestant daughter Elizabeth took the throne. She returned England to Protestantism.

23. Scientific Revolution • Copernicus – heliocentric theory. (page 357)

24. Scientific Revolution • Copernicus – heliocentric theory. (page 357) • Kepler – mathematically proved Copernicus’ theory of planetary motion. • Galileo – suffered at hands of Catholic Church for preaching the theory.

25. Scientific Revolution • Copernicus – heliocentric theory. (page 357) • Kepler – mathematically proved Copernicus’ theory of planetary motion. • Galileo – suffered at hands of Catholic Church for preaching the theory. • Leeuwenhoek – Microscope/ discovered bacteria • Hooke – cell theory • Boyle – Father of Modern Chemistry. • Priestly – discovered oxygen as an element

26. Scientific Revolution • Copernicus – heliocentric theory. (page 357) • Kepler – mathematically proved Copernicus’ theory of planetary motion. • Galileo – suffered at hands of Catholic Church for preaching the theory. • Leeuwenhoek – Microscope/ discovered bacteria • Hooke – cell theory • Boyle – Father of Modern Chemistry. • Priestly – discovered oxygen as an element • Newton – laws of physics and gravity.