The Second War for Independence and Upsurge in Nationalism

1. The Second War for Independence and Upsurge in Nationalism 1812-1824

2. Causes of the War of 1812 • Cry of the “war hawks” over: • British arming of Indians • Impressment • Orders in Council • Search and seizure by British • Confiscation of American cargos • *Demonstration of viability of American nationhood/democracy

3. Waging War • Congress declares war June 1812 • Canada/Great Lakes • Oliver Hazard Perry • Thomas MacDonough • Burning of Washington • August 1814 • Battle of Bladensburg • Public buildings, Capitol, White House • Fort McHenry (Baltimore) • Sept. 1814 • Star Spangled Banner

4. Battle of New Orleans • Andrew Jackson • Becomes a national _________ • American victory • Shocking win: 2000-70 • Win comes _____________________ • Outpouring of self-confidence and ______________ • Final ___________________

5. The Treaty of Ghent • Ghent, Belgium • Mediated by Tsar Alexander I of _________ • Talks go nowhere, become a stalemate • British give in • Dec 24, 1814 ___________________ • Results: • No mention of initial grievances • Return to the status quo • So who won?

6. Federalist Grievances at the Hartford Convention • New England/ Federalist opposition to the war • Why were they so opposed to this war? • Opposition to Napoleon/_________ • Potential annexation of Canada could mean __________________ • “Blue _______” Federalists, Talks of secession, separate peace with Britain Not an early 19th century blue light.

8. Hartford Convention • Federalist meeting • Declining power • Delegates from MA, RI, CT, NH, VT • Demands/Changes desired: • __________________ • __________________ • __________________ • __________________ • __________________ • __________________ • Results: ___________________

9. Outcomes of the War • 6,000 casualties • Relatively insignificant globally • But for the US: • 1) gained military prestige • 2) Discredited sectionalism • 3) Bolstering of nationalism • 4) Death of Federalist party • 5) Emergence of war heroes • 6) Manufacturing strengthened • Focus turns to the West/expansion

10. Emergence of Nationalism • Literary recognition • Washington Irving - ___________________ • James Fenimore Cooper - _______________ • North American Review (1815) - __________ • Expansion of the Bank of the U.S. • A rebuilt capital • Naval confidence - Second Barbary War victory (1815) • Stephen Decatur Irving Cooper

11. The American System • Manufacturing growth in U.S. occurred. • Britain’s surpluses • Tariff of 1816 • First tariff designed primarily for ___________ • 20 to 25 percent • Tone setting tariff • How can we capitalize on this growth? Henry Clay Promoter of the American System

12. The American System • The system had three main parts 1) Strong banking system for easy and abundant credit 2) High protective tariffs 3) Network of roads and canals (funded___) • Purpose: A plan to strengthen and unify the nation economically and politically. Stimulate manufacturing and trade. • Opposition: • Madison • New England

13. The Era of Good Feelings • Election of 1816 • James Monroe (Rep) • Rufus (…yes Rufus…) King (Fed) • Monroe wins, 183-34 • Why the EGF? • Nationalism is high • One political party • Relative prosperity early • Or was it an EGF? ______________________

14. Panic of 1819 and Hard Times • 1st financial panic since GW • Deflation, depression, bankruptcies • Major issue: Foreclosures on mortgages issued by western banks • Land speculating • Debtors imprisoned • State laws begin to ban this process • Jacksonian Democracy is born • Poor suffered most

15. Growing Pains of the West • 1791-1819, nine states added • Slavery/sectional balance effort • Why such growth? • 1) Cheap land (crush of the Indians by ___________ and ___________ opens land) • 2) Exhausted eastern _____ • 3) Advances in ___________ • Highways (ex: Cumberland Road) • Steamboat/upstream travel • Robert Fulton’s Clermont, 1807

16. Land Act of 1820 • Lowered price of land, ________an acre for a minimum of ____ acres • Spurred settlement of Northwest and Missouri territories

17. Slavery and the Sectional Balance • Sectional tensions resume • Missouri's 1819 statehood petition • First ___________________ • Tallmadge amendment • Aimed at the “peculiar ____________” • Passed the House, defeated in senate • Alarming to southerners • Why? _____________________

18. Missouri Compromise • Henry Clay, “The Great Compromiser” • Components: • Missouri enters as slave state • Maine enters as free state • No future slave north of 36° 30’ • Maintained balance at 12-12. • Election of 1820: Monroe takes all electoral votes but one that went to JQ Adams

19. John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) • Maryland tries to tax a branch of the Bank of the U.S. • Marshall rules against Maryland • Ultimately affirmed the constitutionality of the bank citing “implied powers” (Hamilton) • Affirmation of loose construction for the benefit of the people

20. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) • NY state giving monopoly to interstate ferry service, shot down • Gave Congress sole power of control over interstate commerce

21. Cases limiting “democratic excess” • Fletcher v. Peck (1810) • GA • Protected property rights against popular pressures • Asserted right of SC to invalidate state laws in conflict with the Constitution • Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) • NH • Protected corporations (and contracts) from domination by state legislatures

22. Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida

23. The Menace of Monarchy in America • Suppression of democracy abroad • Birth of Latin American republics • Fear of it’s spread into the Western Hemisphere

24. The Monroe Doctrine, 1823 • British approach U.S. for joint statement, Monroe does it, goes it alone • Will play major role in future foreign policy issues (much later) • Two main features: • 1)non-colonization • 2)non-interference • To protect L.A. republics OR U.S. self-interest? • Largely expression of post-war nationalism

26. The Rise of Mass Democracy1824-1840 Chapter 13

27. Introduction: • So-called “Era of Good Feelings” • Panic of 1819 • Missouri Compromise • Renewed sectionalism and renewed fervor of democracy • 1824 JQA • 1828 – Democratic Party is born • 1830s – Whig Party