The 2 nd War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism

1. The 2nd War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism Chapter 12

2. Essential Question? • What were the causes and results of the War of 1812?

3. Madison’s 2nd Term Timeline • 1810: Fletcher v. Peck • 1812: War of 1812 begin • Invasions of Canada • 1814: UK burns Washington DC • Treaty of Ghent • Hartford Convention (1814-15) • 1815: Battle of New Orleans • 1816: 2nd Bank of US Founded

4. James Madison – 4th President

5. US invades Canada: To gain land Stop supply of weapons to Indians UK military weak there Problems for US US military weak Unorganized 1 in 6 US sailors a free black 1814: Napoleon defeated, UK can concentrate on fighting US US Navy defends NY, but army loses many battles On to Canada over Land and Lakes

6. 3 U. S. Invasions of 1812

7. Campaigns of 1813

8. Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended • 1814: UK enters Chesapeake, embarrasses US army, burns Washington DC. • Baltimore: Ft. McHenry defended, Francis S. Key writes “The Star Spangled Banner” • Gen. Andrew Jackson scrounges together pirates, free blacks, sailors defended New Orleans in January 1815 • Made Jackson a national hero.

9. Battle of Fort McHenry,1814 Oh Say Can You SeeBy the Dawn’s Early Light… -- Francis Scott Key

10. The Battle of New OrleansJanuary 8, 1815

11. The Treaty of Ghent • Ghent, Belgium in 1814 • US delegation lead by John Q. Adams • UK still worried about France wanted out of war with US • ToG really an armistice, did not address impressments or Indian resistance • No land changed hands

12. Treaty of GhentDecember 24, 1814

13. New England states against the war Profited by aiding UK Hartford Convention: secret meetings of NE states to discuss secession from US (1814-15) Nation called NE treasonous Death of the Federalist Party Demands: End 3/5ths Clause New rules in Congress for declaring war, embargos, and admitting new states Limit president to 1 term No back-to-back presidents from same state Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention

14. War of 1812 globally unimportant, but huge for US US proved it was a sovereign nation, and could defend itself. Sectionalism proved worthless New Heroes: Jackson, William H. Harrison Roots of US manufacturing Canada felt betrayed by UK US-Canada relations eventually strengthen US becomes isolationist Indians weak without UK backing The 2nd War for American Independence

15. Nationalism • Nationalism spreads through nation after 1812 • Famous authors • Washington Irvin • James F. Cooper: Last of the Mohicans • 2nd Bank of the US chartered, 1816

16. The American System • Post-War: UK merchants take advantage of no tariffs, undercut US manufacturers • Tariff of 1816: 1st protective tariff • Erie Canal completed in 1825

17. The American System • Tariff of 1816 • Second Bank of the U. S. • Internal improvements at federal expense.-National Road Henry Clay,“The GreatCompromiser”

18. The American System • WEST got roads, canals, and federal aide. • EAST got the backing of protective tariffs from the West. • SOUTH  ??

19. The So Called Era of Good Feelings • 1816: James Monroe elected 5th president • Virginia Dynasty: 4 of 1st 5 presidents from Virginia • Called Era of Good Feelings because there was only 1 political party (Democratic-Republicans) • Straddled the generation between revolution and intense nationalism.

20. The Election of 1816

21. 1816: Monroe elected 1818: Treaty of 1818 with UK Jackson invades Florida 1819: Panic of 1819 Spain cedes Florida McCulloch v. Maryland Dartmouth v. Woodward 1820: Missouri Compromise Missouri and Maine become states Land Act of 1820 Monroe reelected 1823: Monroe Doctrine 1824: Gibbons v. Ogden 1825: Erie Canal James Monroe Timeline

22. James Monroe [1816-1824]

23. The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times • Panic of 1819: Caused by over speculation of western lands. • Results: deflation, depression, bankruptcies, unemployment, debtor’s prison • Hurt western states/territories hardest • Laid ground work for Jacksonian Democracy

24. Growing Pains of the West • Admitted as alternating between free and slave states to maintain congressional balance. • Land in west was cheap, people moved there for many reasons: • Depleted tobacco/ cotton lands in south • Immigrants couldn’t afford eastern land • Indian threat removed by War of 1812 • Roads connected west to north • Steamboats go into use (1811)

25. Slavery and Sectional Balance • 1819 saw Missouri ready for statehood, but land was ideal for slave labor • North tried to pass the Tallmadge Amendment: next slide! • North had an advantage in the House, but south was even in Senate • South worried that a northern advantage could mean the end of slavery

26. The Tallmadge Amendment • All slaves born in Missouri after the territory became a state would be freed at the age of 25. • Passed by the House, not in the Senate. • The North controlled the House, and the South had enough power to block it in the Senate.

27. Missouri (slave) and Maine (free) were admitted to the union All future states carved from the Louisiana Purchase must be free if they existed above the 36 30’ parallel North mad with another slave state, South mad about no slavery in other territories 1st time morality of slavery becomes a major issue Monroe reelected in 1820 The Uneasy Missouri Compromise

28. The Election of 1820

29. Marshall Court expanded federal power McCulloch v. Maryland: Maryland challenged authority of Bank of US. Marshall said bank was constitutional based on implied powers. Cohens v. Virginia: Supreme Court overrule state Supreme Court for 1st time Gibbons v. Ogden: Supreme Court upheld federal authority over interstate commerce. John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism

30. Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses • Fletcher v. Peck: Earliest case of Supreme Court overruling state law. • Dartmouth College v. Woodward: Set standard for protection of corporations. • Dartmouth was chartered by UK before revolution. • Supreme Court said NH had to recognize charter. • Dartmouth defended by Senator Daniel Webster

31. Treaty of 1818 with UK: US fishing rights off Newfoundland Fixed border of western US and Canada at 49th parallel US and UK would jointly occupy the Oregon Country for 10 years 1810 and 1812 the US seized West Florida Spain was busy fighting revolutions in South America Andrew Jackson got federal permission to invade Florida to crush the rebel Seminole Indians and capture runaway slaves (1818) Spain ceded Florida in 1819 Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida

32. Jackson’s Florida Campaigns

33. The Menace of Monarchy in America • Revolutions in Latin America worried European kings. • Kings plotted to mount a joint effort to retake Latin America • Russia began establishing trading posts in modern California • UK approached US about joint protection of Latin America

34. Monroe and His Doctrine • US weary about alliance with UK • US knew that UK was dependent on Latin American trade, and would fight off European nations with or without a US alliance • Monroe Doctrine: aimed at Europe • No new European colonies in Americas • Europe should not interfere with Americas

35. Monroe’s Doctrine Appraised • European powers shocked by Monroe Doctrine • Not really important until mid-1800s • Russia agreed to the Russo-American Treaty: drew Russian territory at southern tip of modern Alaska • Never seriously challenged or upheld • Added to US isolationist ideals

36. Essential Question? • What were the causes and results of the War of 1812?