Chapter 12 The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism

1. Chapter 12The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism 1812-1824 “The American Continents are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European Power.” – James Monroe (2 December 1823)

2. SSUSH6 • c. Explain major reasons for the War of 1812 and the war’s significance on the development of a national identity. • d. Describe the construction of the Erie Canal, the rise of New York City, and the development of the nation’s infrastructure. • e. Describe the reasons for and importance of the Monroe Doctrine.

3. ReviewMadison succeeds Jefferson

4. James Madison • Democratic Republican • Jefferson’s Secretary of State • 4th President (1813-1821) • Inherited feud between France & England • His decisions and circumstance brought about the War of 1812

5. Tecumseh and “the Prophet” • “War Hawks” within the DR Party • Heard stories of their fathers from 1776 • Also wanted to wipe-out the Indian threat in the West (OH, IN, IL, etc.) • Shawnee chiefs Tecumseh (left) and his brother “The Prophet” resisted the white man’s encroachment

6. Planned Indian Confederacy Squashed • William Henry Harrison was governor of the Indiana Territory • At the Battle of Tippecanoe, he led US army in a defeat of the Prophet and Shawnee • Harrison becomes a nationally recognized war hero

7. Standard Notes • Describe the resistance of the Native Americans to Westward-moving settlers.

8. Inching closer to war • President Madison was being pushed towards a clash with Britain by the members of his own party (“War Hawks”) • Britain was still supplying Indians with weapons (remember Jay’s Treaty?) • Hiding behind Napoleon? • Madison believed that the only way to prove America as a legitimate country (and that republicanism could work) was to show that we could defeat a world superpower.

9. A War on 2 Fronts • War support was sectionalized and partisan. • DR strongholds in the South and DRs in middle states (MD, PA, VA) supported Madison. • Federalists also opposed the war; New England was their stronghold • Remember – Federalists  Britain ; DR  France…..Why fight your friends? • Fighting two enemies at once: “Old England” and “New England”

10. Standard Notes • Explain how the “War of 1812” was sectionalized and partisan.

11. Chapter 12Onward to War: The Canadian Theatre • British forces weakest in Canada, US talked of invading • Take out Montreal, the rest would fall • Planned invasion did not work

12. Standard Notes • Explain the importance of Canada in the War of 1812.

13. The Chesapeake Theatre • British advancement towards D.C. • Capitol, White House burned • Dolly Madison (left) rescues portrait of Washington from burning White House

14. The Star-Spangled Banner • Francis Scott Key • Witness to British bombardment on Fort McHenry, MD • Penned Star Spangled Banner

15. USS Constitution • War of 1812 fought predominately on sea. • Navy performed better than Army

16. Andrew Jackson and the Battle of New Orleans • British attempt to conquer essential port city • Andrew Jackson led US troops to victory

17. Standard Notes • Describe the rise of an ‘American Identity’ as seen through the actions of Dolly Madison, Francis Scott Key, the U.S.S Constitution and Andrew Jackson.

18. Treaty of Ghent (1814) • Russia wanted the British to abandon war effort in America to focus on Napoleon. • Britain, America agree to an Armistice – promise to stop fighting; neither side victorious • “Not One Inch of Territory Ceded or Lost”

19. The Federalists and the Hartford Convention • December 1814 • Delegates from MA, NH, VT, RI, and CT convene to discuss secession • After win at New Orleans, Convention’s complaints lost relevance • North speaks of secession decades before South

20. Rise of Patriotic Nationalism • War of 1812 was small, indecisive • Power of the Republic, Navy to resist • Federalist Party weakened by opposition to war, Hartford Convention, etc. • Native Americans – supported British, conceded more lands to America • War cause fueled self-reliance in industry, brought in new finances • Growth/restructure of Army, Navy

21. Standard Notes • Explain how the American “victory” in the War of 1812 exacerbated American nationalism.

22. Henry Clay (1777-1852) • Kentucky Senator ; some historians declare him the greatest statesman to never ascend to the Presidency • Creator of the “American System”

23. Components of the American System • 1) Strong banking system; provide easy and abundant credit • 2) Protective tariffs – taxing imported goods led to a rise in sell of domestic goods • 3) Network of canals and roads – improvement of transportation; prevalent in Ohio River Valley (West); ties country together economically and politically

24. Erie Canal • Completed in 1825 • Connected New York’s Hudson River to Lake Ontario • Access to Great Lakes from Eastern seaboard (New York City)

25. Standard Notes • Analyze how the American System created by Henry Clay brought different sections of the country closer economically and politically.

26. James Monroe • Democratic-Republican • 5th President • “Death” of Federalist party • “Era of Good Feelings”

28. Panic of 1819 • Economic panic ; ‘bubble’ burst on American economy • Overspeculation of Western Lands; cheap lands ; basically we were moving West too quickly • Debtor prisons

29. Growing Pains of the West • Westward boom • Land exhaustion in tobacco states (VA, NC) • Cheap land • Defeat of Native Americans (Harrison, Jackson) • Steam ships • Cumberland Road (MD to IL) • Spain gives up Florida

30. Slavery and the Missouri Compromise • Westward expansion also saw the expansion of slavery • Missouri appealed to Congress for admission as a slave state • Population/economic growth of North forcing South to lose Congressional Power • Balance of power in Senate (free vs. slave state) MO would be 12 slave, 11 free. • “Did not resolve slavery issue, only ducked the question.”

31. Missouri Compromise of 1820 • MO admitted as slave state. • Maine admitted as free state. • 12 free/12 slave • Slavery prohibited in LA Purchase north of 36-30 line

32. Standard Notes • Describe how the Missouri Compromise of 1820 was indeed a ‘compromise’.

34. John Marshall and his war against states rights. • Supreme Court Justice John Marshall – Federalist appointed by John Adams; “Midnight Judges” controversy • McCulloch v. Maryland – attempt of MD to destroy branch of national bank in its state • Cohens v. Virginia – National Supreme Court could review/reverse State Supreme Court decisions involving federal gov’t • Gibbons v. Ogden – right of federal government to control interstate commerce, not the states themselves • “Through him the conservative Hamiltonians partly triumphed from the tomb.” (p. 250)

35. Monroe Doctrine • John Quincy Adams (left); son of John Adams • Monroe’s Secretary of State • Defeat of Napoleon led Europe back to days of monarchy and conservatism • Revolt of South American countries against Spain

36. Monroe Doctrine • President Monroe concluded two distinct policies : 1) non-colonization and 2) non-intervention • Russia to the Northwest, Britain to Cuba, Spain in South America • Warned Europe and their monarchies to stay out of Western Hemisphere • “Doctrine was just as big as the nation’s forces – and no bigger”

37. Standard Notes • How did the nationalism nurtured during and after the War of 1812 lead to the Monroe Doctrine?