2 nd War For Independence and Upsurge of Nationalism

1. 2nd War For Independence and Upsurge of Nationalism Chapter 12 - 1812-1824

2. War of 1812 • One of America’s worst fought wars • Lesson: It is a folly to lead a divided nation and apathetic people in war • Americans, however, came out of the War of 1812 with a renewed sense of nationalism • Led to building of roads, more authority of federal govt., and protection of manufacturing

3. War of 1812 • Regular Army was ill-trained, ill-disciplined, and widely scattered • Supplemented by a poorly trained militia

4. US attempts to attack Canada • 3 pronged attempt to invade Canada in 1812 • + Detroit + Niagara + Lake Champlain • ALL BEATEN BACK SHORTLY BY BRITISH • British and Canadians were energetic from the beginning

5. Ft. Michilimackinac • British captured Ft. Michilimackinac under the leadership of General Isaac Brock • 1813 – more losses on land for the US • US looked for success on water • American Navy did much better than Army

6. US Navy • Skillfully handled ships, better gunners than the British, manned by non-pressed crews • US ships had thicker sides, heavier firepower, and larger crews • 1 in 6 were free blacks

7. Great Lakes • Control of The Great Lakes was vital to the War of 1812 • British (in Canada) versus the United States • By late 1814, the US was defending their own soil against invading British

8. Napoleon Defeated • Mid-1814 Napoleon defeated and sent to live in exile on the Isle of Elba in the Mediterranean Sea • US left to face England alone

9. British Invasion of New York • British prepared for a crushing invasion of New York. There were no roads from Canada to New York, so they had to transport supplies via Lake Champlain • US Naval fleet commanded by 32 year old Thomas Macdonough • Battle at Plattsburgh – Sept. 11, 1814 – US snatched victory from defeat with a daring move by Macdonough – British retreat • Macdonough saves NY from conquest…

10. Washington DC Burned !!! • 4,000 British land at Chesapeake Bay August 1814 • 6,000 panicky US militia retreat • British enter DC and set fire to most public buildings • Capital & White House

11. The Defense of Baltimore • Americans held Baltimore from British attack • British fleet hammered Fort McHenry with canon fire, but could not capture Baltimore • Francis Scott Key – wrote “The Star Spangled Banner”

12. The Battle of New Orleans • 1814 – British attempt to capture New Orleans, LA • Controlled the mouth of the Mississippi River • Gen. Andrew Jackson was in command of the defense of N.O.

13. The Battle of New Orleans • 7,000 regular US soldiers, sailors, pirates, Frenchmen • LA, KY, TN militia • 8,000 overconfident British • Britain made frontal assault & suffered worst defeat of the war • 2,000 dead or wounded in 30 minutes (70 US dead/wounded)

14. Jean Lafitte • Famous Gulf Coast Pirate • British tried to pay Lafitte for help in Battle of New Orleans • Instead, he helped US forces by alerting Jackson • Preyed on Spanish ships off of the Gulf Coast

15. Andrew Jackson • Jackson became a national hero • Battle of New Orleans was actually fought 2 weeks after the end of the War of 1812 • Battle released a feeling of nationalism

16. Treaty of Ghent • Tsar Alexander I of Russia proposed peace between US and Britain • 5 American peacemakers sent to Ghent, Belgium in 1814 • Led by John Quincy Adams • News of US victories @ Upper New York and Baltimore made Britain willing to make peace

17. Treaty Of Ghent • Britain was war weary (fighting for 11 years against France and now US) • Dec. 24, 1814 – Treaty of Ghent signed ending the War of 1812 • Essentially an armistice, both sides just agreed to quit fighting • US did not defeat British, but war was over.

18. Hartford Convention • New England states (MA, CT, RI) met in secrecy Dec. 1814 – Jan. 1815 to discuss radical solutions to war • Convention dissolves after Treaty of Ghent • Not many solid solutions or responses

19. Virginia Dynasty • By 1814, a Virginian had been president all but four years • John Adams, the second president, was from Massachusetts • This trend would continue

20. War of 1812 • US showed it would resist what it felt were grievous wrongs against the Republic • War heroes emerged: Andrew Jackson, William Henry Harrison (both would be elected president) • Manufacturing - prospered during the War of 1812 while under British blockade • Industry had been stimulated because of war

21. Canadian Nationalism • Nationalism and Patriotism were both on the rise in Canada as well. • Canadians felt betrayed by the Treaty of Ghent b/c they got no Indian buffer state

22. Rush – Bagot Agreement (1817) • Agreement between US and Britain – limited naval armament on The Great Lakes • 1870s – the border of US/Canada is finally solved giving the US and Canada joint possession of The Great Lakes • 5,527 mile long border between US and Canada is the longest unfortified border in the world between two countries

23. Europe at Peace • Europe slumped into and exhausted peace after the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815 • US turned away from Europe and focused on the American West

24. Nationalism • An intense feeling of pride for one’s nation; a spirit of national consciousness or national oneness

25. American Nationalism • School textbooks – written by Americans for Americans for the 1st time • North American Review – 1815 – and intellectual magazine published in America • Bank of United States received an extension on charter (1816) • Handsome US Capital rebuilt on ashes • Army – 10,000 men • Strong US Navy defeats Barbary Pirates

26. The American System • Nationalism in Manufacturing • 1815 – British manufacturers tried to make up lost ground from the war and began to dump goods on the US market, at time, under cost. • This hurt American manufacturers who could not compete

27. Tariff of 1816 • Nationalist Congress passed the first tariff that was designed to protect American manufacturers (protective tariff) • 20-25% on value of imports • Bold beginning to a history of protection in US industry

28. Henry Clay • The American System • 1824 • Henry Clay was the leader behind a plan to protect American manufacturing and fund internal improvements in US

29. The American System • Strong Banking System – easy and abundant credit • Protective Tariff – eastern manufacturing would flourish • Construction of roads and canals, especially in Ohio, paid for by tariff West (raw materials) (manuf. goods) East

30. West Demands Transportation • Roads were demanded in the West by nationalists after the War of 1812 • 1817 – Congress voted $1.5 million to states for internal improvements • President James Madison sternly vetoed the bill b/c he felt it was unconstitutional • New England opposed federally constructed projects b/c it would drain their population and create competing states in the West.

31. James Monroe • 6’0”, mild-mannered • Republican • Defeated the last Federalist Rufus King, Sen. from New York • 183-34 in Electoral College • Monroe continues Virginia Dynasty

32. Monroe • Monroe was last president to wear an old style cocked-hat • Straddled two generations • Bygone age of Founding Fathers • Emergent age of Nationalists

33. Era of Good Feelings • Monroe was not as intelligent as the first 4 presidents, but very experienced, level-headed, and had a talent for interpreting popular rumblings • Era of Good Feelings – used to describe the administrations of Monroe • Period was actually a troubled one with debates over tariffs, internal improvements, sale of public land, Sectionalism, and slavery.

34. Panic of 1819 • Paralyzing economic panic • Depression, deflation, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, and debtors’ prisons • Began by over speculation on frontier – Bank of US got involved in western land speculation, which was much like gambling • Western US was most hard hit…

35. The West • 9 frontier states had been added to the Union (1791-1819) • Most were admitted alternately: slave, free • Cheap land had a special appeal to European immigrants looking for their own land, which was drained in Europe • Defeat of Indians by Harrison and Jackson made it easier to live on frontier • Building of highways improved Ohio River Valley

36. Cumberland Road • Began in 1811 • Ran from western Maryland to Illinois • Picture is of Little Crossing in Grantsville, MD

37. Slavery and Sectional Balance • 1819 – Territory of Missouri asked Congress for admission into the Union as a slave state; contained sufficient population but House of Representatives passed: • Tallmadge Amendment – no more slaves could be brought into Missouri and provided for gradual emancipation of slaves’ children born in the territory

38. Missouri and Slavery • Roar of anger from slave holding South • Pioneers favored unhampered expansion • Tallmadge Amendment eventually defeated in the Senate

39. Signs of Civil Unrest • North getting richer and more thickly populated • North had a majority in the House of Representatives • South maintained equality by means of equal representation in the Senate • MO – 1st state west of Mississippi River • 1st state carved out of LA Purchase

40. Missouri Compromise (1820) • Bundle of three compromises led by Henry Clay of Kentucky 1 – MO admitted as a slave state 2 – free soil Maine (part of Mass.) admitted as free state 3 – All future bondage prohibited North of 36-30 (southern tip of MO) • Some viewed it as “dirty bargain” but it lasted for 34 years

41. Presidential Election of 1820 • Monroe very popular • Wins every electoral vote but one • VT gave 1 electoral vote to John Quincy Adams to keep presidential election from being unanimous (that was for Washington only)

42. John Marshall • Marshall continued to influence the Supreme Court of the United States and shape American law • Marshall bolstered the power of the federal government at the expense of the states.

43. Supreme Court Cases Under Marshall • McCullough v. Maryland (1819) – Maryland attempted to destroy a branch of the Bank of the US by taxing its notes • Marshall declared the bank constitutional by invoking the Hamilton doctrine of implied powers • This strengthened federal authority and slapped at the states; created doctrine of “loose construction”

44. SC Cases • Cohens v Virginia (1821) – Cohens found guilty of selling lottery tickets and he appealed to the Supreme Court – VA won the appeal • BUT – Marshall set the precedent that the SC could review decisions made in state supreme courts in questions involving powers of the federal government

45. Oregon and Florida • Nationalist President James Monroe • Nationalist Sec. of State John Quincy Adams • Treaty of 1818 – with Great Britain – permitted Americans to share the coveted Newfoundland fisheries with Canada • ALSO fixed the northern limits of the LA Purchase along the 49th parallel • ALSO 10 year joint occupation of OR

46. Semitropical Spanish Florida • Americans claimed West Florida – American settlers tore down Spanish flag in 1810 (ratified in 1812) • During War of 1812 – small army seized Mobile region • Rest of Florida under Span. control

47. South America • Spain forced to leave Florida to defend against Revolutions in South America • 1816 –Argentina • 1817 – Venezuela • 1818 – Chile

48. Andrew Jackson • Gen. Jackson enters Florida on pretext of hostile Seminole Indians and fugitive slaves • Jackson got commission to enter Spanish territory to punish Indians and recapture slaves • 1818 – Jackson sweeps through Florida hanging two Indian chiefs, executed two British subjects for assisting Indians • Seized St. Marks and Pensacola

49. Florida Purchase Treaty (1819) • John Quincy Adams gets Spain to cede all Florida to the U.S. as well as claims to Oregon Country in exchange for America’s abandonment of claims to Texas • Texas would become part of independent Mexico in 1821

50. The Monroe Doctrine • Dec. 2, 1823 • Incorporated a stern warning to European powers that (1) colonization of North America was over and (2) non-intervention in North American affairs was to be the policy. • Never Law – just the idea of Monroe • Deepened the illusion of isolation!!