Session 6D: Teacher Issues in Post-Primary Education The Expansion of Secondary Education

1. ADEA 2008 Biennale on Education in Africa Beyond Primary Education: Challenges and Approaches to Expanding Learning Opportunities in Africa Session 6D: Teacher Issues in Post-Primary Education • The Expansion of Secondary Education • and the Need for Teachers: • How big is the gap? • Audrey-marie Schuh Moore Ph.D., Joseph DeStefano, • Arushi Terway, and David Balwanz Beyond Primary Education: Challenges of and Approaches to Expanding Learning Opportunities in AfricaAssociation for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Biennale 2008 on Post-Primary Education

2. ADEA 2008 Biennale on Education in Africa Beyond Primary Education: Challenges and Approaches to Expanding Learning Opportunities in Africa What Paradigm for Secondary Expansion? Et E0 / S:T Materials Σ Cost of inputs ― Existing budget Desks Equipment Funding gap Schools Teachers Books But, what if the system cannot procure/produce enough of one key input? Beyond Primary Education: Challenges of and Approaches to Expanding Learning Opportunities in AfricaAssociation for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Biennale 2008 on Post-Primary Education

3. ADEA 2008 Biennale on Education in Africa Beyond Primary Education: Challenges and Approaches to Expanding Learning Opportunities in Africa Research methodology • Data from Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Senengal, Uganda and Zambia used to make projections that: • Assume continued improvements in primary intake • Model the impact of improvements in both primary efficiency and transition to lower secondary • Determine the number of secondary teachers needed to meet projected enrollment • Compare the growth in the secondary teaching force to the recent trends in annual growth of secondary teachers Beyond Primary Education: Challenges of and Approaches to Expanding Learning Opportunities in AfricaAssociation for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Biennale 2008 on Post-Primary Education

4. ADEA 2008 Biennale on Education in Africa Beyond Primary Education: Challenges and Approaches to Expanding Learning Opportunities in Africa Uganda Zambia Kenya Projected Required Increase in Teacher Supply Historic annual rate of growth in teacher supply Kenya Historical growth in teacher supply 3.4% 3% 5% Projected growth in teacher supply t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8 t9 Required annual rate of growth in teacher supply to meet projected expansion 9% 10% 12%

5. ADEA 2008 Biennale on Education in Africa Beyond Primary Education: Challenges and Approaches to Expanding Learning Opportunities in Africa 467,306 428,990 Inherent Limitations: Zambia 316,681 123,894 6,938 6,661 5,994 Entering Secondary Teaching Entering Secondary Teaching Entering primary Completing Primary Entering Secondary Completing Secondary Entering TTC Completing TTC

6. ADEA 2008 Biennale on Education in Africa Beyond Primary Education: Challenges and Approaches to Expanding Learning Opportunities in Africa Policy Implications • Restructuring of lower secondary education • More efficient deployment and use of teachers (requirements for teacher workloads) • Recruiting teaching candidates from different points in the education system • Alternative approaches to secondary education and teacher preparation • Teacher support and ongoing in-service as opposed to extensive pre-service training Beyond Primary Education: Challenges of and Approaches to Expanding Learning Opportunities in AfricaAssociation for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)Biennale 2008 on Post-Primary Education