The Organic Compounds

1. The Organic Compounds Prepared by: Ms. Bernabeth Jo T. Tendero

2. General Characteristics • Contains Carbon and Hydrogen • Small molecules (monomers or building blocks) are covalently bonded to form large polymers or macromolecules • Water is usually involved in the formation and breakage of bonds between monomers Dehydration Synthesis – removal of water to form a covalent bond between monomers Hydrolysis - Using water to break bonds between monomers

3. Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis

4. Four major classes • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

5. carbohydrates • Contains C, H and O in a 1:2:1 ratio usually Glucose C6H12O6 Fructose C6H12O6 Galactose C6H12O6

6. Monosaccharide • Also known as simple sugars because they can no longer be broken down to form simpler forms of sugars • Monomers of Carbohydrates • Most common simple sugars are the 6-carbon sugars or hexoses • Compounds that have the same chemical formulas are called isomers

7. Monosaccharides • Glucose - Found in all the cells of your body - primary source of energy Glucose C6H12O6

8. Monosaccharides • Fructose - Sugar found in fruits - Taste much sweeter than glucose Fructose C6H12O6

9. Monosaccharides • Galactose - One of the sugars found in milk Galactose C6H12O6

10. Monosaccharides • Ribose - A 5-Carbon sugar (Pentose) - a component of Nucleic Acid

11. disaccharides • Carbohydrates made up of two sugar molecules • Formed through dehydration synthesis

12. disaccharides • Maltose - a malt sugar used in making beer - composed of 2 glucose molecules

13. disaccharides • Lactose - Most common sugar in milk - composed of glucose and galactose

14. disaccharides • Sucrose - AKA table sugar - composed of glucose and fructose - harvested from sugar cane, sugar beets or the sugar maple - Forms White sugar Brown sugar – white sugar + molasses (a thick, dark brown syrup made by refining raw sugar)

15. disaccharides • Sugar cane (Saccharum sp.)

16. disaccharides • Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris)

17. disaccharides • Sugar Maple Tree (Acer saccharum)

18. polysaccharides • Long chain of simple sugars linked together to form a macromolecule • Examples: Starch, Glycogen and Cellulose • Polymer – molecule made up of many similar units called monomer

19. polysaccharides • Starch • Combination of two types of polysaccharides: amylose and amylopectin • Large carbohydrate composed of many sugar molecules linked into long, branching chains • Plants store excess sugar molecules as starch. When plants need energy, starches are broken down into monosaccharides . • Sources: Wheat products like bread and pasta, and potatoes

20. polysaccharides • Starch

21. polysaccharides • Cellulose • Component of plant cell walls • Polysaccharide composed of many glucose units • Cannot be digested by humans, i.e. cannot be broken down in simpler molecules and used as source of energy • Still an important part of our diet because it functions to hold water in large intestine, thus helps in eliminating wastes

22. polysaccharides • Cellulose

23. Function of carbohydrates • Supply about one-half of the total energy requirements of an organism - Glucose and Starch • Serves as structural components of organisms - Cellulose in plants - Chitin in exoskeletons of shrimps, insects and crabs - Form part of the living material in cells like 5-carbon deoxyribose and ribose sugars

24. LIPIDS • Contains C, H, and O but in different proportions from carbohydrates • Insoluble in water • Soluble in organic solvents like acetone, alcohol, ether, and chloroform

25. Groups of lipids • Fats, Oils, and Wax • Phospholipids • Steroids

26. Fats and oils • Monomers of Fats is called triglycerides (glycerol + 3 fatty acids)

27. Formation of triglycerides

28. Triglyceride molecule

29. Saturated vs. unsaturated

30. Saturated vs. unsaturated

31. Saturated fats

32. unSaturated fats

33. waxes • Insoluble in water • Highly suitable as waterproof material for plant leaves or animal feathers and fur

34. phospholipids • Similar to the fat molecule but instead of three fatty acids attached to the glycerol, only two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached

35. Phospholipid

36. steroids • Composed of four interconnected rings • Example is Cholesterol - common constituent of the brain and spinal cord -needed in the formation of certain hormones like sex hormones - associated with circulatory illness like blockage in the arteries and that puts the heart at risk

37. Cholesterol molecule

38. Functions of lipids • Serves as structural components of organisms Example: All membranous structures of the cells consist of a phospholipidbilayer with associated proteins

39. Cell membrane

40. Functions of lipids • Serves as structural components of organisms Example: - All membranous structures of the cells consist of a phospholipidbilayer with associated proteins - Cutin - wax that cover the cell walls of leaves and young stems - Suberin – wax found on the walls of the cork cells in plants

41. Functions of lipids • Fats and Oils serves as main source of energy among organisms - 1g of fat provides more energy than 1g of carbohydrates • Some metabolic regulators are lipids - Testosterone and Estradiol

42. Proteins • Contains C, H, O and N some even contains P and S • Monomers of proteins are called amino acids

43. Amino Acids • 20 amino acids constitute a protein structure

44. Formation of a peptide bond

45. Protein structure

46. Protein structure

47. Functions of protein • Structural proteins like keratin, which makes up hairs and nails, and collagen fibers which support many organs • Myosin and actin, make up the bulk of muscles that helps in movement • Enzymes are proteins that acts as catalyst to speed chemical reactions within cells

48. Functions of proteins • Hormones made out of protein regulates metabolism. Like insulin that regulates glucose content in blood • Antibodies and Immunoglobulin defends the body from foreign substances • Transport proteins, like hemoglobin facilitate the exchange of materials in and out of the cells.

49. Nucleic Acids • Contains C, H, O, N, and P • Polymers formed out of nucleotides

50. nucleotide • Composed of 5-Carbon Sugar