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KM3NeT

A next generation neutrino telescope. KM3NeT. Els de Wolf Nikhef /University of Amsterdam on behalf of the KM3NeT consortium TeVPA 2008, 27 September 2008. What is KM3NeT?. Acronym for KM3Ne utrino T elescope A research facility in the Mediterranean Sea

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KM3NeT

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  1. A next generation neutrino telescope KM3NeT Els de Wolf Nikhef/University of Amsterdam on behalf of the KM3NeT consortium TeVPA 2008, 27 September 2008

  2. What is KM3NeT? • Acronym for KM3Neutrino Telescope • A research facility in the Mediterranean Sea • Cubic kilometre size neutrino telescope • Cabled observatory for Earth and Marine sciences Els de Wolf

  3. KM3NeT consortium 38 institutes from: Cyprus, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland Italy, Netherlands, Romania, Spain, UK +.. + + Els de Wolf

  4. KM3NeT Observable Sky • 2π downward sensitivity assumed • Visibility Galactic Centre 66% > 75% > 25% • Angular resolution for E>10 TeV: ~0.1o

  5. KM3NeT project timeline NOW

  6. Conceptual Design Report • Made public April 2008 at VLVnT workshop in Toulon • Being printed (already at www.km3net.org) • Includes (a.o.): Science case Site studies Design goals Technical implementation Els de Wolf

  7. Science case • Neutrino astroparticle physics • Galactic and Extragalactic point sources • Diffuse neutrino flux • Dark Matter and exotics • Neutrinos from Dark Matter annihilation • Magnetic monopoles, nuclearites, strangelets, … • Neutrino and particle physics (~105νatm/year) • UHE neutrino cross sections • Muons (≥ 108μatm/year) • Prompt muons from heavy meson decay • Earth and marine sciences • Long-term, continuous measurements in deep-sea Els de Wolf

  8. Reference detector NOT the final design • Geometry (~1 km3): • 15 x 15 vertical detection units on rectangular grid • 1 OM per storey • 21 PMTs (3”) per OM • Horizontal OM-distance 95 m • Vertical OM-distance 15.5 m Effective Area Els de Wolf

  9. Point source sensitivity • Muon energy reconstruction perfect • Neutrino energies 1 TeV – 1 PeV • ~50 times better than ANTARES • ~3 times better than IceCube: • Larger photocathode area • Better angular resolution • Thesis S. Kuch, Erlangen Els de Wolf

  10. Diffuse flux • Assuming E-2neutrino energy spectrum • No energy reconstruction Els de Wolf

  11. RXJ1713.7 3946 • Candidate for hadronic acceleration • Source extension Φ ~ 1.3° • ~75% of the time below the horizon → in 5 years: 5 neutrinos over 15 background events Kappes et al, astro-ph/0607286 Dornic et al, astro-ph/0711.2145 Els de Wolf

  12. GRB080319 (z~0.94) • 0.5 events ± 1 order of magnitude uncertainty, very large model uncertainty • Contribution GRBs to diffuse flux: few 10 neutrinos per year • Slow jet model of core collapse SN seems promising for neutrino detection Predicted neutrino spectrum Dornic et al, NIM Physics A Els de Wolf

  13. Auger’s “Cen A” • Neutrino flux from Cen A (~4 Mpc) • Assuming 2 CR detected in a window of 3.2 degrees • Few to several 10-3 neutrinos per year (very model dependent) Els de Wolf

  14. Dark matter sensitivity • Scan mSUGRA parameter space • Focus on pointscompatible withWMAP data • Detectability: • Blue: ANTARES • Green: KM3NeT Els de Wolf

  15. Earth and marine sciences • Longterm, continous measurements will open new applications • KM3NeT will be a node in network for monitoring European coasts • Sampling rates of order kHz i.s.o. 1/min or 1/hour Els de Wolf

  16. A few examples Site Studies

  17. Bioluminescence • Density of bioluminescence sources as function of depth estimated from measurements • Deeper -> less BL Black: east Med. Sea. Grey: west Med. Sea. Els de Wolf

  18. Water transparency Using 460 nm light source Normalised to 2850 m depth Capo Passero Sicily, Italy Pylos Greece Also: sea currents, sedimentation, biofouling, radioactivity,… Els de Wolf

  19. Green power concept • Use solar or wind energy at shore station • 4.4 GWh/year during operation • Requires investment of 4-5 M€ • Only feasible if coupled to larger power network Wind map Els de Wolf

  20. DESIGN GOALS

  21. Design goals • Substantially better sensitivity than IceCube • > 1 km3 • Core process: nm+N m+X at neutrino energies beyond 100 GeV • Construction and deployment < 4 years • Data taking period > 10 year • Optimised for energy range 1 TeV – 1 PeV • Angular resolution < 0.1o • Zenith angle: • Full acceptance for neutrinos originating from directions up to at least 10° above the horizon • For energies > 100 TeV angular acceptance limited only by the absorption of the Earth Els de Wolf

  22. A few examples Technical implementation

  23. Detection Unit design options • With horizontal structures • > 2 OMs per storey • 1 large(10”) PMT per OM • Copper/fiber readout • No horizontal structures • 1 OM per storey • 31 small (3”) PMTs per OM • Fiber readout Cost and reliability studied Further constraint towards final decision for TDR

  24. Optical Module design options 31 x 3” PMTs 1 x 10” PMT 17”glass container Improved Antares OM with electronics inside Possibly with 13” glass container 17” glass container High 2 photon purity (sea background) Looking ~upwards (atm. muons) Large photocathode area 17” glass container 4 anodes + mirrors Direction sensitive Further simulations required Costs and reliability studied Els de Wolf

  25. Quasar 370 (Baikal) R&D continues • Hybrid solution: scintillator+small PMT • Send photo electrons on scintillator • Detect scintillator light with small PMT • Very good photo-electron counting • Large angular sensitivity • CERN/Photonis/CPPM development Els de Wolf

  26. Compact deployment Using ships (lease or buy) or the Delta Berenike platform

  27. Sub-sea infrastructure • Also: power network and data network (redundancy) • Remotely operated vehicle • (lease or buy) • Autonomous Undersea vehicle • (buy) • Junction boxes • (self made or buy) Els de Wolf

  28. Readout/DAQ design options Wire/Fiber mix Fiber only • Copper in vertical cable • Special ASIC off-shore • Possibly local coincidences off-shore • Time-stamp off-shore • Fibers in vertical cable • Continuous sampling of TDC signal • Minimal electronics off-shore • Local coincidences on-shore • Time stamp on-shore or off-shore Cost and reliability studied Further constraint towards final decision for TDR Els de Wolf

  29. Preparatory Phase • New EU/FP7 funding instrument restricted to projects on the ESFRI roadmap • KM3NeT proposal endorsed with 5 M€ • 3-year project 2008-2011 • Objectives: • Definition of legal structure & governance • Political convergence: site issue & funding • Strategic issues: new partners, extendibility detector, multiple sites,… • Operational phase: organisation & user communities • Pre-procurement with industrial partners • System prototyping Els de Wolf

  30. Summary • Science case of KM3NeT shown: • Neutrino (astro)particle physics • Marine and Earth sciences • Conceptual Design Report KM3NeT published • Technical Design Report foreseen in October 2009 • Working towards start of construction in 2011 • KM3NeT will be a new generation facility: • Point source sensitivity ~50 times that of ANTARES • Point source sensitivity ~3 times that of IceCube • Complementary with IceCube in field of view • New opportunities for marine and earth sciences • KM3NeT considers the concept of green energy • New groups are more than welcome! Els de Wolf

  31. New groups are welcome! Thank you! Els de Wolf

  32. Detector requirements for technologies Els de Wolf

  33. Three possible sites • In Mediterranean Sea • All suitable with pros and cons: • ANTARES,France • NEMO, Sicily • NESTOR, Greece • Decisionrequiresscientific, technologicalandpoliticalinput Els de Wolf

  34. Configuration Studies • None optimal for ALL energies and directions • Deployment and subsea-infrastructure also plays a role in decision

  35. Ass0ciated sciences • Devices installed around telescope • Issues • Interfaces • Interference during data taking • Synergy effects: • Sharing environmental data Els de Wolf

  36. Higher Quantum Efficiency Hamamatsu Photonis • 2 x higher Q.E. -> 2 x larger photocathode area • Major gain in sensitivity ~43% ~55% Els de Wolf

  37. Earth and marine sciences E.g.studies of • Large-scale ocean circulation • Specific processes, e.g. internal waves • Effects on sediment and nutrients redistribution • Bio-acoustics • … Temperature [12.3, 14.1]C Height ab. bottom (m) H. vanHaren, NIOZ Els de Wolf yearday

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