MRS. CONTRERAS Language Arts 9 th Grade – Eng I IGCSE Honors Room C209

1. Welcome Braddock Bulldogs!!! MRS. CONTRERASLanguage Arts9th Grade – Eng I IGCSE Honors Room C209 2006-2007

2. Home Learning THE FOLLOWING ARE DUE: • (pass to the front of your row)Complete Chinese Literature questionnaire. • (in box) Movie Project: movie concept page completed, Core Story elements page (behind it), Movie Acts Flowchart (8½ x 14)

3. Weekly Forecast10/30/06 – 11/3/06 • Monday – Group PP Presentation (Japanese). Sei Shōnagon “The Pillow Book” pg 498 • Tuesday – Musō Soseki "Zen Teachings" pg 510 & "Zen Parables” pg 514 • Wednesday – Tanka Poetry pg 534-538 (Ono Komachi "I've gone to him". Lady Ise "Spring rains weaving" Ki Tsurayuki "In this world" Saigyō "As I look at the moon”) Haiku pg 541 • Thursday – Discuss character development, backstory sheet and interweaving into story flowchart • Friday – Discuss character development, backstory sheet and interweaving into story flowchart

4. Home Learning By Thursday 11/2: • Movie Project: read PP handout distributed. Complete character development sheet. By Monday 11/6: • Movie Project: Discuss characters' development, backstories and interweaving these into main story (flowchart). Type up Movie Concept, Story Elements, 8 1/2 x 14 Flowchart, Characters making any necessary corrections. • Read introduction to Persian/Arab culture pg 564-575. • Read from the "Koran" pg 576-581. • Read from "The Thousand and One Nights: The Second Voyage of Sindbad the Sailor" pg 582-589. As you read, write down the key story elements (catalyst, big event, climax, showdown, realization, denouement) and plot them on story timeline • Read introduction to West African oral literature pg 612-623. • Read "How the World was Created from a Drop of Milk" pg 624-627. Have a great week!

5. Ancient Japanese Culture IGCSE English P.6 Kyle Lola Natasha Muniz Osmel Liriano Alicia Barroso Jennifer Mejias Nicole Ajuria

6. Religious Traditions • Usually, at the entrance of every Shinto shrine, there is a large red gate called a Torii gate. The 2 main religions of Japan are Shinto and Buddhism. They are based on a respect for culture.

7. The Influence of China • It was around 500 A.D. when the Chinese was starting to influence their culture with the Japanese culture. Some important customs that the Japanese inherited from the Chinese are their system of writing and Buddhism, which is now one of the 2 main Japanese religions.

8. An Island Culture • Japan is made up of about 4,000 islands. The 4 largest islands which people live on are: Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku. The sea is greatly depended on by the Japanese for industry and food.

9. A Mountainous Terrain • 70% of Japan is covered with hills and mountains. The country’s biggest and most famous mountain is Mount Fuji which stands at 3776 meters, is considered sacred. It is climbed by more than 10,000 people a year.

10. The Way of the Warrior • From the 12th century to 1867, powerful warlords controlled Japan. They were called shoguns and the samurai were their loyal warrior. Kamakura was where the first shoguns established their power.

11. Historical HighlightsThe Heian Period794-1185 • The Heian Period was one of the most amazing periods in Japan history. • In this period they began their own system of writing • The Japanese borrowed the T'ang Council of the State, which held most of the power in Japan. • Japanese culture during the Heian Period flourished with women and gentlemen of the court filling their days by writing poetry, elaborating ritual, and painting. Courtesy of Wikipedia and Google Images

12. Historical HighlightsThe Heian Period794-1185 Courtesy of Wikipedia and Google Images • The central government was controlled by a rich family called the Fujiwara family, which successfully held their power for over three centuries. • By the 11th century, the Fujiwara family’s power began to deteriorate, and their power began to be challenged by private landowners. • A samurai was a term for the military nobility in pre-industrial Japan. • The samurai were an elite class of warriors. • Landowners would hire samurai’s to protect their land. • Large military clans would control the samurai army. • By the end of this period, it began a feudal system of localized rule in Japan.

13. Historical HighlightsThe Kamakura Period1185-1333 • The Taira and the Minamoto were Japan’s most powerful clans who fought for power during the late 1100’s. • The Taira was a hereditary clan name bestowed by the emperors of the Heian Period. • The Taira were one of the four important clans that dominated Japanese politics during the Heian period. • The Minamoto clan was one of the honorary surnames bestowed by the Emperors of Japan of the Heian Period. • The Minamoto were also one of the four great clans that dominated Japanese politics during the Heian period. Courtesy of Wikipedia and Google Images

14. Historical HighlightsThe Kamakura Period1185-1333 • The Minamoto clan won after 30 years of war against the Taira. • Minamoto Yoritomo became Japan’s first great emperor, which was called the Shogun. • The emperor reigned from Kyoto, which was built from the ruins of Heian. • The center of power was Yoritomo’s military headquarters in Kamakura. • The Kamakura’s shoguns became more powerful overtime by assigning military governors, which were called daimyo, to oversee particular regions and samuri’s. Courtesy of Wikipedia and Google Images

15. Historical HighlightsThe Kamakura Period1185-1333 • A traumatic event of the period was the Mongol invasions of Japan between 1272 and 1281 • The Mongol forces were superior to the Japanese by naval technology and weaponry • Even though the Japanese were successful in stopping the Mongols, the Mongols drained the shoguns’ treasury by devastating domestic repercussions which led the extinction of the Kamakura shogunate. • The samurai became angry with the government that they could no longer pay them. • The samurai then became even more attached to their daimyo. Courtesy of Wikipedia and Google Images

16. Courtesy of Wikipedia and Google Images Historical HighlightsThe Ashikaga Period1338-1467 • The social and political stability of Japan weakened by the early 14th century. • Emperor Go-Daigo overthrew the Kamakura shogunate • Go-Daigo set up a court in Yoshino • Go-Daigo was overthrown by a powerful military leader called Ashikaga Takauji • Ashikaga Takauji was the founder and first shogun of the Ashikaga shogunate • Ashikaga Takauji set up a new military imperial government in Kyoto in 1338 • The two imperial courts were constantly at war for the next 54 years

17. Historical HighlightsThe Ashikaga Period1338-1467 • Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, the third Ashikaga shogun, established peace between the two rival courts • Conditions began to worsen when the government’s control of the noble landowners began to lessen. • Nobles continued to struggle for land and power Courtesy of Wikipedia and Google Images

18. Historical PeriodThe Warring States Period1467-1568 • There was a civil war in Japan that threw them into crisis in 1467. • The daimyo took power away from the shogun • The daimyo soon became the seizing control over the old feudal states and began to offer peasants and others protection in return for their loyalty • The created small armies of samurai and built fortified castles • Oda Nobunaga defeated seized the imperial capital of Kyoto in 1568. • Oda Nobunaga could not unify all of Japan. • By 1590, Toyotomi Hideyoshi controlled most of Japan Courtesy of Wikipedia and Google Images

19. Historical AspectsThe Tokugawa Period1603-1867 • Tokugawa Ieyasu completed the mission of unifying all of Japan. • He defeated his rival daimyo at the Battle of Sekigahara. • The Battle of Sekigahara was that cleared the path to the Shogunate for Tokugawa Ieyasu. • Three years later he became Japan’s shogun. • He moved to the capital of Japan, Edo, that would soon become the city of Tokyo. • Under the rule of Tokugawa shogunate, there was great prosperity, stability, and a flourish in culture in Japan. • Japan then instituted a “closed country policy” for more than 200 years due to an attempt to control foreign influence • This policy then ended in 1864 when Japan established trade in the United States of America. Courtesy of Wikipedia and Google Images

20. People And Society During the Tokugawa period, Japanese society became rigidly ordered. The rulers were at the top of the social scale, followed by samurai, peasants, artisans, and merchants. Since a persons position was determined by birth, it was nearly impossible for Japanese to improve their social status.

21. Rulers • Rulers held the highest rank in Japanese Society. • Rulers held no political. • Rulers lived in a vast palace with his family and other nobles. • Rulers were never seen by the common people. • Was believed to be descended from the Shinto sun goddess. Emperor Go-Yozei Courtesy of Yahoo Images

22. Rulers • The shogun had the real control of the country. • The shogun acted as a military dictator and ruled in the Emperor’s name. • The shogun oversaw the daimyo who governed at the local level and to keep the daimyo from rebelling, the shogun required that they spend every other year in the capital. Shogun Courtesy of Yahoo Images

23. Samurai • Samurais are the second ranked in the Japanese Society. • Samurai were an elite class of warriors who were loyal to the daimyo. • Samurai fought for their lords in exchange for pay. • Lived according to a demanding code of behavior called Bushido. • A samurai warrior was expected to show reckless courage, reverence for the gods, fairness, and generosity toward those weaker than himself. Samurai Courtesy of Google Images

24. Samurai • Many Samurai practiced Zen Buddhism • For battle, Samurai were elaborate armor made of metal or wood. Had richly crafted swords with fine steel blades. • Only Samurai were allowed to carry swords. • For a Samurai a sword was more than a weapon it was the Samurais courage and loyalty. Armor of a Samurai Sword of a Samurai Courtesy of Google Images

25. Peasants • Peasants are the middle ranked in the Japanese Society. • Peasants made up 80 percent of the population. • Peasants are valued because the ideal society depended on agriculture. • Peasants lives are harshly regulated by the ruling class. • Peasants are told what to do and when to do it. • Some peasants abandon their farms and fled to the city for a better life. A Peasant Courtesy of Google Images

26. Artisans • Artisans ranked second to last in the Japanese Society. • Artisans provided the goods for everyday life. • Artisans in Japan can be roofers, carpenters, and stone masons. Fuji Gazebo built by Artisans Courtesy of Google Images

27. Merchants • Merchants are ranked as the lowest in the Japanese Society. • Don’t provide anything. • Sell rice, salt, paper, straw mats, noodles, and other goods. • Acted as bankers, lending money to nobles and samurai. • Japans merchant class gradually became and respected.

28. Arts and CultureThe Theater • There are three different drama traditions that formed in Japan: • Noh – this is the oldest of drama that was perfected later in the 14th and early 15th centuries by Kanami Kiyotsugu and his son Zeami Motokiyo • The actors wore masks, use formal language, mime, and stylized gestures to represent the relation between the real and the supernatural worlds • Kabuki - Kabuki plays are about historical events, moral conflicts in love relationships and the like. • They would speak in a monotonous voice • The actors would wear colorful costumes • The set would have special effects like trap doors, revolving stages, and melodramatic plots. Courtesy of Google Images

29. Arts and CultureThe Theater • Bunraku – puppet theater • Two or three puppeteers can manipulate two or three puppets at a time • The puppets could be up to four feet tall • The puppets are accompaniment to music and the tale told by the narrator • The musician, puppeteer, and narrator were all visible to the audience. Courtesy of Google Images

30. Arts and CulturePainting • In the 14th century, ink paining became extremely popular. • Japanese artists would begin their own style of painting with black ink. • Many artists would paint scenes of nature with skillful brushwork. • In the Tokugawa period, artists would capture the sophisticated atmosphere of the city life in colorful woodblock prints. • Japanese art would capture the beauty and tradition of Japan • In the Kamakura period, artists used a series of pictures on long scrolls to tell historical tales Courtesy of Google Images

31. Arts and CultureLiterature • Early Japanese writers loved poetry • The first anthology of poetry was done in about 759. • This collection would contain more than 4,500 poems. • The majority of the poems were called a tanka, a 31-syllable lyrical poem that would deal with love and nature, Courtesy of Google Images

32. Courtesy of Google Images Arts and CultureLiterature • From the 700s to the 1500s tanka was the most common form of poetry in Japan. • Poetry and prose flourished during the Heian period • The writers at that time were usually members of the nobility. • During the end of the Heian period, the Japanese poets would divide the tanka in to smaller sections. • Then the Japanese poets developed the haiku, a 17-syllable poem that mainly presents images of nature

33. Arts and CultureLiterature • An example of a haiku is shown here from the famous Japanese poet Matsuo Basho: an old pond— the sound of a frog jumping into water Another one is: the first cold shower; even the monkey seems to want a little coat of straw. Courtesy of Google Images

34. Arts and CultureReligion and Architecture • The word Shinto means “way of the gods”. • Shinto was Japan’s earliest and native religion. • Shinto had no complex philosophy or ritual. • Buddhism was introduced to Japan in the 6th century and far more complex than Shinto • Buddhists believe that they can achieve peace by eliminating any attachment to the material items. • A form of Buddhism called Zen came into Japan in the 12th century. • The Zen people tried to achieve a state of spiritual enlightment through meditation and self-discipline. Courtesy of Google Images

35. Arts and CultureReligion and Architecture • Many architectural monuments in Japan are religious buildings. • Buddhist temples were temples that were distinguished by their curved tile roofs. • The Shinto shrines were simple wooden structures that were designed to fit their natural surroundings. • The temples and shrines and the modern day buildings have inspired and reflected the Japanese desire to remain in harmony in nature. Courtesy of Google Images

36. Timeline Alicia Barroso

37. Events in Japanese Literature(494-495) • 712- records of Ancient Matters, a history and one of the oldest surviving Japanese books, is completed • c.759- Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves, an anthology of more than 4,500 poems is complied. • 900s-Tale of the Bamboo Cutter, the first work of Japanese fiction is written. • 905- Ki Tsurayuki and others compile the first 20 imperial poetry anthologies • c.1000- Sei Shonagon writes The Pillow Book • c.1010-Murasaki Shikibu writes the Tale of Genji • c.1220-The Tale of the Heike, a chronicle on the rise and fall of Japan’s Taira (Heike) family, is written. • c.1330- Buddhist priest Yoshida Kenko writes Essays in Idleness. • 1439-The last imperial poetry anthology appears • 1443-Zeami Motokiyo, who was instrumental in the development of Noh drama, dies • c.1661-Asai Ryoi, a samurai and the first professional writer in Japan, publishes the novel Tales of the floating World. • 1694-Haiku poet Matsu Basho writes The Narrow Road to the Deep North, a travel account interspersed with Haiku • 1776- Ueda Akinari writes Tales of Moonlight and Rain, a collection of his supernatural tales. ex. (c.1000) = approximately 1000

38. The Narrow Road to the Deep North The Narrow Road to the Deep North translates to Oku no Hosomichi. Bashō wrote it based on a joureny he took in the late spring of 1689. He departed from Edu (present day: Tokyo) with his traveling accompanier Sora . They where in search of the places which the old poets described in their work, places in the Northerly Interior region known as Oku. They traveled for approximately 156 days, covering thousands of miles mostly on foot. The text constantly makes references to Saigyō, works of Confucius, The Tale Of the Heike, and other ancient Chinese poetry. It is a travel story, and Bashō vibrantly narrates the unique poetic essence of all of his stops while traveling. Famous stops of his include the Tokugawa shrine at Nikkō, the islands ofMatsushima, Sakata, Kisakata, and Etchū. After his voyage, he spent five years working and reworking the poems and writing style of Oku no Hosomichi, which means “Narrow road of/ to the frontier”. To create a better story, some events where made up or reordered in the final version. This is the best known of all of Bashō's works. Picture shows a statue of Bashō, the writer of “The Narrow road to the Deep North” Courtesy of Wikipedia Images

39. Events in Japanese History(494-495) • 752- The Great Buddha, a bronze statue standing more than 59 feet tall, is dedicated at Todaiji Temple in Nara. • 794- A new capital, Heian (site of present-day Kyoto), is established • 800s- Kana, a system for writing Japanese is developed • 838- The last Japanese mission to Tang China is made • 1185- The Kamakura period begins as the Minamoto clan crushes the Taira Clan • 1191- A sect of Zen Buddhism is introduced from China • 1192- Minamoto Yoritomo becomes the first shogun and rules frommilitary headquarters in Kamakura • 1274 & 1281- The Mongols attack Japan • 1338- The Ashikaga period begins; two imperial courts are established, on at Kyoto and one at Yoshino • 1467- The Warring States period begins • 1543- The Portuguese arrive in Japan and introduce fire arms • 1549- St. Francis Xavier introduces Christianity in Japan

40. Events in Japanese History(494-495) • 1603- Tokugawa Ieyasu invites Japan and moves capital to Edo • 1614- Christianity is banned in Japan • 1630s- The shogun bans Japanese travel aboard • 1707- Mt. Fuji erupts • 1853- American commodore Matthew C. Perry arrives in Edo Bay • 1854- The Treaty of Kanagua is signed, granting the United States rights to two Japanese ports. • 1868- After the Tokugawa shogunate is overthrown, a new imperial government is also established, with its capital in Edo. Shows sketch of Simoda, Japan (Treat of Kanagua)Courtesy of : Google Images

41. Mt. Fuiji Eruption in 1707 • There where no registered deaths from the 1707 eruption of Mt. Fuiji in Japan. This eruption was large and generated various mudflows, affecting the terrain and displacing many families. It caused severe damage to the area, and lasted for about 2 months The eruption began in December 16 and ended about February 24, 1708. Courtesy of Google Images Shows the hardened lava covering Mt. Fuiji

42. Events in World History(494-495) • 800- Charlemagne, who united much of Europe, is crowned emperor of the Holy Roman Empire • 900s- Anaszi civilization in North America enters classic Pueblo period • 1095- Pope Urban II issues call for First Crusade • 1215- England’s King John signs the Magna Carta • 1235- Sundiata founds the Mali Empire in Africa • 1279- Kublai Khan conquers the Sung Dynasty and established Mongol rule in China • 1325- Aztecs build the city of Tenochtitlán • 1347- Bubonic plague spreads to Europe eventually killing millions • 1386- Chinese rebels overthrow the Mongols • 1455-The Gutenberg Bible is produced on a printing press in Germany • 1492- Christopher Columbus sails across the Atlantic Ocean • 1607- Jamestown becomes the first permanent North American Colony • 1631- Shah- Jahan orders the building of the Taj-Mahal in India • 1776- The American colonies declare their independence form Britain • 1789- The French Revolution begins • 1804- Haiti gains independence from France • 1830- Greece gains independence from the Ottoman Turks

43. America’s Declaration of Independence The American colonist declared their independence from their motherland, Britain, in 1776, because they were angry due to having to pay preposterous taxes placed to Britain, and having no say in the government. After French-Indian War in North America, The American Colonies’ terrain was devastated, and Britain was in debt with France for losing the war. Britain ignored the pleads of the Americans for help from the federal government, since farmers found it impossible to work the fields and make a living. Nonetheless, the British Kings continued taxing the Americans and came up with taxes for everything, going form paper material such as stamps, to tea. The Americans revolted many times, pleading “NO TAXATION, WITHOUT REPRESENTSTION!”, but Britain continued to overlook the events. Determined to act up, Americans agreed on a declaring formal independence from Britain and did so by writing and sending the Declaration of Independence. The image above shows the throwing of Tea which occurred in the Boston Tea Party. The Boston Tea Party was one of the revolts of the colonists in which they dumped hundreds of tea bags, that the British would sell and tax here in America, into the Boston harborCourtesy of Google Images

44. Connect to Today

45. Food • Traditional Japanese foods have become a part of the what Americans consider their diet.( Applebee 496) • One traditional food named Sashimi is made of thin slices of raw fish. (496) • Sushi contains cold cooked rice with vinegar later wrapped in seaweed with slices of raw/cooked fish, vegetables, or egg. (496) Above: Sushi Above: Sasshimi Images Courtesy of Google Images

46. Art • Origami is the art of folding paper. (496) • This art is originally from China but is associated with the Japanese. (496) • The most complex or easiest designs are created from a single sheet of paper. (496) • The crane, one of the most popular designs, means “long life and happiness to the Japanese”. (496) • Origami associations around the world add the popularity of this art. (496) Above: Origami figures Images Courtesy of Google Images

47. Zen • Japanese Tea Gardens such as Golden Gate Park in San Francisco are very popular attractions in America.(496) • The Zen-inspired environment offer peace and relaxation. (496) • This relieves the stress of modern life. (496) Above Pictues :Golden Gate Park Images Courtesy of Google Images

48. Nature • Bonsai is the art of growing small plants in pots. (497) • This originated in China but was perfected in Japan. (497) • Bonsai represents harmony among the people, nature, and divine. (497) • These small trees are now cultivated all around the world. (497) Above: Bonsai Plant Images Courtesy of Google Images

49. Images Courtesy of Corbis Fashion • In the 1970’s two of the most famous Japanese designers were Miyake and Rei Kawakubo. (497) • They combined Western materials and Japanese principles to create styles that were simple, and full of beauty, yet innovative. (497) • Kimono “a loose, wide-sleeved robe, fastened at the waist with a wide sash.” • These are traditional Japanese costumes. • Some types of Kimonos include Yukata, Furisode, Mofuku, and Uchikake. • Currently Japan is one of the fashion capitals of the world. Above: Examples of Kimonos

50. Conclusion • In conclusion, the history of the Japanese has been a challenging and hard for them to be where they are today. • In conclusions the Japanese society was based on the social scale during the Tokugawa period, being first the Rulers, then the Samurais, then the Peasants, the Artisans and the Merchants as the lowest social class. Every social class had their own characteristics such as the Shogun ruling more than the self Emperor and the Samurai having his sword mean something more important than just a weapon. • In conclusion, many things that the Japanese did influence the way we do theater, art and literature, like the haiku, to paint with ink, and lastly, how we still follow the traditions of theater, even though we have more technology than back then. • A lot of traditions and customs have been passed on from the Japanese culture and penetrated into the every day world.