Coordination and Subordination

1. Coordination and Subordination Emphasis and Relationships of Ideas

2. What is coordination? • Linking ideas of equal importance • Process gives writing harmony by bringing together related independent clauses • Clause: a group of words with its own subject and verb

3. Four methods to coordination • Coordinating conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so --- FANBOYS) • Correlative conjunctions (either… or; neither … nor; not only … but also; … both … and)

4. Four methods to coordination • Semicolons and conjunctive adverbs • ; furthermore • ; therefore • ; for example • ; however • Semicolon • Independent clause; independent clause

5. Coordinating Conjunctions and Their Meanings

6. Examples • Our family has a cat, and we also have two dogs. • Sophie is a Collie, but Grice is a mixed-breed. • Sophie is not much of a lady,nor is Grice a gentleman.

7. Correlative Conjunctions • Convey balance • Work in pairs, so elements joined must be grammatically equal • both . . . andnot only . . . but alsonot . . . buteither . . . or neither . . . norwhether . . . oras . . . as

8. Examples • Either the dogs pester the cat in play, or they chase him in earnest. • The dogs either pester the cat in play or chase him in earnest. • The cat neither plays with the dogs, nor does he like to sleep with them. • Not only does Grice chase our cat indoors, but healso chases squirrels or any other small animal outside.

9. Semicolon and Conjunctive Adverbs • The conjunctive adverbs such as however, moreover, nevertheless, consequently, as a result are used to create complex relationships between ideas. • These are also commonly used conjunctives which are use to indicate different relationships between the sentences. • When we are using these kinds of conjunctives we need to decide which ideas can be combined to give the exact meaning. • The incorrect usage of these conjunctions to represent the relationships between the ideas leads to the change in the meaning.

10. Conjunctive Adverbs

11. Conjunctive Adverbs

12. Examples • The immediate effects of HEC fees on students are well documented; however, the long-term effects have yet to be considered. • Many argued that higher education gives life and career opportunities to a select group in society; therefore, HECs fees were justified. • Paying HECs fees upfront means that students begin work without a HECs debt; moreover,upfront payments attract a 20 percent discount. • Many argue for the right to free education; otherwise, they consider that higher education fees should at least be means tested.

13. Semicolon • Semi­colon is used to link two independent clauses that are of equal importance. Generally we represent the cause and result kind of sentences separated using a semicolon. • Example • Stella went to the market; she brought fresh vegetables.

14. Coordinating Independent Clauses • Decide which ideas can and should be coordinated • Select the method of coordination that shows the appropriate relationship between ideas

15. Examples • Uncoordinated: Years ago most baseball players were recruited right out of high school or from the minor leagues. Today, most recruits play college baseball and then move on the the major leagues. • Coordinated: Years ago most baseball players were recruited right out of high school or from the minor leagues, but today most recruits play college baseball and then move on the the major leagues. • Coordinated: Years ago most baseball players were recruited right out of high school or from the minor leagues; however, today most recruits play college baseball and then move on the the major leagues.

16. Examples • Uncoordinated:Star Trek was very successful in syndication. It was not a very big hit during its original run fro 1966 to 1969. • Coordinated: Star Trek was very successful in syndication, yet was not a very big hit during its original run fro 1966 to 1969. • Coordinated: Star Trek was very successful in syndication; nevertheless was not a very big hit during its original run fro 1966 to 1969.

17. Avoid Stringy Sentences • Mount Everest is in the Himalayas and it is the world’s tallest mountain and so climbing it is very difficult so Edmund Hillary and TenzingHorgay first climbed it in 1963 and everyone applauded their efforts.

18. Revised for clarity and Emphasis • Because Mount Everest, in the Himalayas, is the world’s tallest mountain, climbing it is very difficult. It was not until 1963 that the first explorers, Edmund Hillary and TenzingHorgay, conquered the mountain to great acclaim.

19. Subordination • Coordination shows the relationship among equal independent clauses. • Subordination shows the relationship between ideas of unequal rank. • Subordination makes one idea more important that the other (makes the dependent clause support the independent clause)

20. Three reasons to subordinate • To trace ideas unfolding • To show specific relationships among ideas • To stress one idea over another Subordination can give writing and speech greater logic, coherence, and unity

21. Steps to subordinating ideas • Decide which idea or clause is the most important. It will be the information the writer wants to emphasis most in the reader’s mind • Designate this idea as the main clause. • Select the subordination conjunction that best expresses the relationship between the main clause and the dependent clause. • Arrange the clauses to achieve logic, coherence, rhythm, and polish

22. Sub. Conjunctions and Relationships

23. Examples • Not Subordinated: You lick a postage stamp. You consume one tenth of a calorie. • Subordinated:Whenyou lick a postage stamp, you consume one tenth of a calorie. • Not Subordinated: You are a typical American man. You spend four hours a year tying your tie. • Subordinated:If you are a typical American man, you spend four hours a year tying your tie.

24. When to do which? • Coordinate to link related independent clauses • Subordinate to put the most important idea in the main clause and give less importance to the idea in the dependent clause.

25. Example • The sky became a frightening gray. The mood was ominous. • Coordinated: The sky became a frightening gray, and the mood became ominous. • Subordinated: As the sky became a frightening gray, the mood became ominous. (focus on mood) • Subordinated: As the mood became ominous, the sky became a frightening gray. (focus on sky)

26. Example • Even though the broccoli was covered in cheddar cheese, Emily refused to eat it. • Tanya did poorly on her history exambecause her best friend Giselle insisted on gossiping during their study session the night before. • While Bailey slept on the sofa in front of the television, Samson, the family dog, gnawed on the leg of the coffee table. • Jonathon spent his class time reading comic books since his average was a 45 one week before final exams.