Chemistry of Cells

1. Chemistry of Cells

2. Organic Molecules Has nothing to do with being naturally occurring!!

3. Propane Ethane Length. Carbon skeletons vary in length. These are hydrocarbons Isobutane Butane Branching. Skeletons may be unbranched or branched. 2-Butene 1-Butene Double bonds. Skeletons may have double bonds, which can vary in location. Cyclohexane Benzene Skeletons may be arranged in rings. Rings.

5. BioChemistry Study molecules important to life 4 Main Groups Proteins Carbohydrates Nucleic acids Lipids

6. Carbohydrates What elements do they contain?????? Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

8. Types of Carbohydrates 1) Monosaccharides (Simple sugars) Examples: -glucose BLOOD SUGAR -fructose FOUND IN FRUITS -Ribose found in RNA Function energy (readily available)

9. Glucose Structure: Elements? Shape?

11. Dehydration reaction -build larger molecules (polymers) by adding additional subunits (monomers)

12. Hydrolysis reaction -breaks the polymer down by adding water

13. Disaccharides Structure: formed from the joining of two monosaccharides • Examples: • Sucrose • Lactose • Maltose • Functions - Energy Maltose

15. Polysaccharides General Structure: Many monosaccharides linked together Examples: Cellulose Monomer = glucose Function: structural component of cell walls

16. Polysaccharides • Starch • Made of glucose monomers • Found in plants • Energy storage for plants

17. Glycogen • Glucose monomers • How animals store glucose • In liver and muscles

18. STARCH Glucose monomer Starch granules in potato tuber cells Fig. 3-7 Glycogen granules in muscle tissue GLYCOGEN CELLULOSE Cellulose fibrils in a plant cell wall Hydrogen bonds Cellulose molecules

19. Chitin • Found in the exoskeletons of arthropods • Function????

20. Proteinsstructure • Are polymers • Made from chains of amino acids • Linked by peptide bonds • Those bonds form through dehydration reaction

21. Structure of an amino acid Fig. 3-12a AmiNo group Carboxyl group

22. Fig. 3-12c-1 Carboxyl group Amino group Amino acid Amino acid

23. Build the polypeptide (protein) by dehydration reactions connecting the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of the other amino acid. Fig. 3-12c-2 Peptide bond Carboxyl group Amino group Dehydration reaction Dipeptide Amino acid Amino acid

24. Different amino acids have different properties. Help to determine the overall shape of the protein Fig. 3-12b Leucine (Leu) Aspartic acid (Asp) Serine (Ser) Hydrophobic Hydrophilic

25. Functions Movement  in muscles Structural proteins collagen, keratin, cell skeleton Defense  antibodies Transport  cell membrane transport protein, hemoglobin Regulation  hormones (insulin) communication  receptor proteins on nerve cell membranes enzymes  molecules that accelerate chemical reactions Storage  ovalbumin

29. Hemoglobin

30. Insulin collagen

31. actin myosin

32. Nucleic Acids • Are polymers made of linked nucleotides • Examples are DNA and RNA

34. Fig. 3-8a

35. Lipids Include fats, phospholipids, and steroids • Diverse group of hydrophobic molecules General structure of a fat

36. 3 fatty acid chains

37. Built by dehydration reactions Glycerol Fig. 3-8b Fatty acid

39. Fatty acids (and the fats that contain them) can be saturated or unsaturated Saturated with hydrogens

41. Functions of fats • Energy • Cushion • insulation

42. Phospholipids Structure: • Similar to fats, but a fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate group Function • Are a major component of plasma membranes

43. testosterone steroids estrogen 4 fused rings progesterone cholesterol

45. BioChemistry Study molecules important to life 4 Main Groups Proteins Carbohydrates Nucleic acids Lipids