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Era of Social Change

Era of Social Change. 1960’s-Latinos and Native Americans fight for equality. Latino population (Americans of Latin American decent) grew from 3 to 9 million Very diverse group from 7 different areas-Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Central America and South America

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Era of Social Change

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  1. Era of Social Change

  2. 1960’s-Latinos and Native Americans fight for equality • Latino population (Americans of Latin American decent) grew from 3 to 9 million • Very diverse group from 7 different areas-Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Central America and South America • United Farm Workers Organizing Committee-Cesar Chavez; boycotted grape growers association; gained high wages and other benefits • American Indian Movement (AIM) 1968-succeeded in getting two important Congressional bills passed improving Native American self-determination. In 1970’s and 1980’s, AIM won settlements legally recognizing tribal lands as well as receiving monetary compensation

  3. 1960’s-Women’s Liberation Movement • 1950-34% women working for wages; 1960-40% wage earners • “women’s”jobs vs. “men’s” jobs; women’s jobs paid less and women working in a man’s job paid less; few women promoted to management • Fueled by “Feminine Mystique” written by Betty Friedan; how could women be fulfilled • Feminism-belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men

  4. NOW and ERA • 1966-National Organization for Women created to pursue equal employment opportunities • 1971-National Women’s political caucus founded by Gloria Steinem (feminist journalist and political activist) encouraging women to seek political office • 1973-Roe vs. Wade; Supreme Court ruled women have a right to seek an abortion in first three months of life • 1972-Equal Rights Amendment allowing men and women to enjoy same rights under constitution; needed to be ratified by 38 states; failed • New Right emerges-”pro-family” movement opposing ERA and Roe vs. Wade; rise of social conservatism;feared drafting of women, end of laws protecting homemakers, husband’s responsibility to support his wife and children, same-sex marriage

  5. Legacy of the Woman’s Movement • Transforming women’s traditional roles and attitudes toward career and family • Expanding career opportunities for women; the “ pink” ceiling has been broken • By 1983-13.5% held elected state house offices; 24 seats in U.S. Congress • *Female graduates in 1965: 70% said they would stay home with their preschoolers; the class of 1972, only 7% said they would stop working to raise children. (is this a change we can be proud of?) • 58,000 abortions?

  6. Counterculture of 1960’s • White, middle-class college students disillusioned with the Vietnamese war and injustices in U.S. turning their backs on traditional American culture • Influenced by the beatnik generation • “Tune in, Turn on, Drop Out”-Timothy Leary , Harvard professor and counterculture philosopher, encouraged use of drugs, especially LSD for “self-awareness” • Many hippies turned to Zen Buddhism, could be enlightened through meditation • Haight-Asbury,San Francisco, California center of hippie movement

  7. The New Left • Youth Movement of the 1960’s demanding sweeping changes in American society • 1960-SDS (Students for a Democratic Society) founded by Tom Hayden believed large corporations and large government institutions had taken over American; called for greater freedom and return to participatory democracy • 1964-Free Speech Movement-clash between students and administrators over free speech on campus

  8. Campus Activism Expands • Students protested over dress codes, curfews,dormitory regulations, and ROTC programs • 1966-Johnson administration changed college deferments; had to be a student in “good academic standing” to keep deferment; SDS chapters mushroomed around country by 1969; open counseling for some to flee to Canada • Many returning Vietnam vets joined the anti-war movement • New York Central Park-500,000 protestors “Hell no, we won’t go”; burned draft cards • Washington’s Lincoln Memorial-75,000 protestors moved to Pentagon, stormed steps of Pentagon. 1,500 protestors injured, 700 arrested • 4,000 draft resisters imprisoned; 10,000 Americans fled, many to Canada

  9. Tumultuous Year-1968 • TET Offensive changes minds about the war • Before Tet: doves 28%, hawks-56% • After Tet: doves 40% ; hawks-40% • Respected American journalist-Walter Cronkite, “ more certain than ever that the bloody experience of Vietnam is to end in a stalemate.” • March 31, 1968, LBJ announced, “…I will not seek re-election and I will not accept the nomination of my party for another term as your president.”

  10. Spring-1968: Days of loss and rage • April 4th- Martin Luther King assassinated; violence ripped through 100 cities as followers of King burned buildings and destroyed neighborhoods • June 5th-Robert Kennedy assassinated while campaigning for Democratic presidential slot • Student protests on more than 100 campuses involving almost 40,000 students • August 28th-Democratic National Convention in Chicago-Tom Hayden and others led an anti-war protest ending in violence

  11. Election of 1968-Nixon Triumphs • Platform: • Restore law and order • End the war in Vietnam

  12. May 4, 1970 Kent State Shootings • Nixon’s invasion of Cambodia spurred student protestors to call a general strike • 1.5 million students closed down 1,200 campuses around the country • At Kent State, student protestors on campus burned down ROTC building • Local mayor called in National Guard • National guard fired into a crowd of students throwing rocks and bottles at them • 4 students (innocent bystanders) killed, 9 wounded • May 14th-Jackson State, Ms., 2 killed (innocent bystanders) and 12 wounded by National Guardsmen. • June, 1971-Pentagon Papers-released by Defense Secretary Robert McNamara, revealed that President Johnson was preparing for war even when talking peace during the 1964 election-citizens could not trust what their government was telling them!!

  13. Decline of Movement • Short-lived but left its mark on social attitudes and art • Pop art-Andy Warhol • The Beatles-propelled rock music into mainstream American music • August, 1969, “Woodstock Music and Art Fair” • Janis Joplin, Jimi Hendrix, the Grateful Dead, Jefferson Airplane, Joan Baez, Joe Crocker • “Do your own thing” philosophy of the counterculture was viewed by some as liberating, by others as uncivilized: a sign of moral decay

  14. Conservative Backlash • Richard Nixon believed the country was losing its sense of right and wrong. • FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover issued a warning that “revolutionary terrorism” was a threat on campuses and in the cities • Psychiatrist Bruno Bettelheim: student rebels and counterculture members pampered as children and, as adults, demanded immediate gratification; could not delay satisfaction of their desires • Conservatives: Counterculture had abandoned rational thought in favor of the senses and unabandoned self-expression

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