Chapter 23 An Era of Social Change

1. Chapter 23An Era of Social Change Final Exam Review Chapters 23, 24, 25, & 26 Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

2. What problems did different Latino immigrant groups share? • Prejudice • Job and housing discrimination • High unemployment • poverty Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

3. Who was the Mexican American labor leader who used non-violent means to help unionize Mexican farm workers? • Cesar Chavez Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

4. What impact did the grape boycott have? • It hurt the grower’s revenues as well as their public image and forced them to negotiate with the UFWOC (United Farm Workers Organizing Committee). • It thus enabled the union to win better wages and working conditions. Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

5. Why did Native Americans resist assimilation? • Many viewed white culture as shallow and meaningless. Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

6. What was the American Indian Movement (AIM) and what were 3 things they did to fight for their rights. • Militant NA rights organization • “Trail of Broken Treaties” march on Wash, DC; • Occupied the federal office of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and destroyed records and property; • Held hostages at Wounded Knee SD ending in deadly shootout. Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

7. Why did the feminist movement gain momentum in the 1960s? • The civil rights and antiwar movements inspired women to act and opened their eyes to unequal treatment. Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

8. What concerns motivated people to oppose the ERA? • Fear of change and the perceived drastic effects the amendment might have had on traditional family life. Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

9. What events and other factors hastened the decline of the counterculture movement? • The dark side of the drug and music scene • The hippies’ inability to exist outside mainstream society Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

10. What did rock ‘n’ roll symbolize for American youth? • Rebellion against the establishment Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

11. What were the effects of the conservative opposition to the counter-culture? • Frightened and angry, mainstream society elected conservative “law and order” candidate Richard M. Nixon to the presidency. Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

12. Chapter 24An Age of Limits Final Exam Review Chapters 23, 24, 25, & 26 Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

13. What was the goal of Nixon’s New Federalism? • Shrink the size and responsibility of the federal government by distributing some of its power to state and local governments. Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

14. What is stagflation? What did Nixon do that provided temporary relief from stagflation, even though it failed eventually? • high inflation and high unemployment. • Raised taxes and cut the budget to reverse deficit spending; • Reduced the amount of money in circulation by raising interest rates; • Froze workers’ wages and business prices for 90 days. Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

15. The causes of stagflation 1967-1973 • High inflation prompted by deficit spending on the Vietnam War and the Great Society; • Increased foreign competition and a flood of new workers, i.e., women and baby boomers; • Dependence on foreign oiland OPEC’s subsequent embargo of the US over its support of Israel. Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

16. Explain the policy of realpolitik. • American foreign policy should be based solely on considerations of power, not on ideals or moral principles. Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

17. Which country did Nixon visit in 1972 in an effort to ease cold war tensions? • Opened friendly diplomatic and economic relations with China. Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

18. What is meant by the “imperial presidency”? • The idea that the executive branch had become the most powerful of the 3 branches, acting as a supreme authority. Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

19. Why would the Nixon campaign team take the risky action of breaking into the DNC headquarters? • Because of Nixon’s overwhelming fear of losing and the team’s belief that all means should be taken to defeat the opponent. Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

20. What steps did the White House take to cover up its involvement in the Watergate break-in? • Shredded documents • Obstructed the investigation • Paid the burglars to remain silent Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

21. Why was the revelation that Nixon taped all his conversations important? • They would provide clear and concise evidence as to what Nixon knew about Watergate and when he knew it. Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

22. Explain the lasting consequences of Watergate. • The American public and the media developed a deep cynicism and mistrust towards politics and politicians that endures today. • Remains the scandal and investigative story against which all others are measured. Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

23. What led to the collapse of détente with the Soviet Union under Carter? • Soviet human rights violations • Soviet invasion of Afghanistan • Détente is a policy aimed at easing Cold War tensions by becoming more flexible when dealing with communism. Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

24. What was Carter’s foreign policy based on? What was a large achievement of his foreign policy? • Carter believed that the US needed to commit itself to promoting human rightsthroughout the world, i.e., freedoms and liberties listed in the Declaration of Independence and Bill of Rights. • Camp David Accords are the first peace agreement between Israel and an Arab country Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

25. What effects did Rachel Carson’s book, Silent Spring, have on the nation? • Raised America’s awareness that many of our activities were potentially harmful to the environment. Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

26. Chapter 25The Conservative Tide Final Exam Review Chapters 23, 24, 25, & 26 Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

27. What was the agenda of the New Right? • Opposed • abortion, • affirmative action, • Entitlement programs (welfare), • and the ERA Amendment Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

28. What were the concerns of the Moral Majority? • Restore traditional family values • Reduce the divorce rate • Reduce the number of unmarried couples • Increase individual responsibility Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

29. What factors led to Reagan’s victory in 1980? • Anxiety about America’s future • Weak economy with high inflation • Carter’s failure to win the freedom of the hostages in Iran • Growing conservative mood over abortion, pornography, the teaching of evolution, and prayer in public schools • His relaxed, charming, and affable character Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

30. “Reaganomics” • Reduce the size and influence of federal government • Cut spending on entitlement programs (welfare) • Tax cuts for top earners and business (supply-side economics) to stimulate growth • Increase defense spending • Doubled the national debt • Rich got richer as poverty worsened for many others Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

31. Main ideas of supply-side economics • Fewer taxes • Saving more $ • banks then loan to businesses for investment and improved productivity • Increased supply of goods would force down prices Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

32. What was the strategic defense initiative • SDI or Star Wars • A defensive shield protecting America from Soviet ICBMs • DoD estimates will cost trillions of $s Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

33. On what did Reagan spend the most federal money? • Doubled the defense budget • MX missile • B-1 bomber Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

34. How did Gorbachev change the Soviet Union? • Realizing it was on the brink of economic and political collapse, he offered new plans based on glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring of Soviet society); • Less government control over the economy; • Allowed private enterprise (capitalism); • Established democratic practices; • Reduced military spending Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

35. Signs that the Cold War was over? • The Soviet Union dissolved • Germany was unified • Eastern European countries adopt democracy Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

36. What prompted the Persian Gulf War? • Iraq has huge war debt from war with Iran • Claimed oil-rich Kuwait is part of Iraq • Iraq invades and conquers Kuwait, heading towards Saudi Arabiaand US oil interests Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

37. Chapter 26The 1990s and the New Millennium Final Exam Review Chapters 23, 24, 25, & 26 Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

38. What acts of terrorism targeted Americans preceding 2001? • World Trade Center in 1993 • Oklahoma City bombing 1995 • Two American embassies in Africa • USS Cole in Middle East Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

39. What lesson did we learn from the 2000 election? • Election weaknesses: • Confusing ballot design, voting machine mishaps • Partisan arguing • Manual recounts said the Supreme Court lacked uniform standards and therefore violated equal protection for voters • Election strengths: • The government continued to function Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

40. Explain the economic trends in the US in the 1990s • Explosive growth of jobs in the service sector, the part of the economy that provides services to consumers. • By 2000, almost 80% of American workers are service sector. • Low-paying sales and fast-food jobs grew fastest. • Corporate down-sizing by 1998, ¼ of workers are part-time or temporary • ¾ of young workers expect to earn less than parents Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

41. What is the technology from the 1990s that has changed America? • The internet (international network) • Originally developed in the 60s by the DoD and used to share research among universities • WWW provides interface of pictures, sound, and words to an unlimited audience all across the globe Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS

42. Explain why our social security system is in trouble? • Increased life expectancy due to medical advances and healthy lifestyles • Aging of the baby boomers • Declining birth rates • So if nothing is done to reform the system, it will soon pay out more $ out than it will bring in = bankruptcy Mr. Homan, American Cultures, NPHS