An Era of Social Change

1. An Era of Social Change

2. Section 1Latinos and Native Americans Seek Equality Main Idea Latinos and Native Americans confronted injustices in the 1960’s Why it Matters Today Campaigns for civil rights and economic justice won better representation and opportunity for Latinos and Native Americans

3. The Latino Presence Grows • During the 1960’s, the Latino population in the U.S. grew from 3 million to more than 9 million. • Better paying jobs • Opportunity at equality • Escape oppression • Latinos of Varied Origins • Mexican Americans- Southwest • Southern California • Braceros- temporary workers • Puerto Ricans • Cubans- NY; fled because of Castro • Barrios- Spanish-speaking neighborhoods

4. Latinos Fight for Change

5. César Chávez • Prominent union leader and labor organizer. Hardened by his early experience as a migrant worker, • Civil Rights leader • Union recognition • Working rights/conditions • California Farm workers • Chavez founded the National Farm Workers Association in 1962.  • Helped fight for Latino Farmers equality •  Stressing nonviolent methods, Chavez drew attention for his causes via boycotts, marches and hunger strikes. 

6. Cultural Pride • The Chicano Movement • Collective Hispanic Identify • “not to emulate the Anglo” • Three Goals • 1. restoral of land • 2. rights for farm workers • Farmers/Grape workers strike • Sen. Robert F. Kennedy supported strike • 3. education reforms • Bilingual education/ Latino teachers • Mendez v. Westminster Supreme Court—was a 1947 case that prohibited segregating Latino schoolchildren from white children • U.S. Supreme Court declared it unlawful to keep students who couldn’t speak English from getting an education. • Equal Opportunity Act of 1974, which resulted in the implementation of more bilingual education programs in public schools.

8. Native Americans Struggle for Equality • Native Americans are sometimes viewed as a single homogeneous group, despite the hundreds of distinct Native American tribes and nations in the U.S.

9. Native American Disadvantages • Reservations • US Gov’t forced N.A. on reservations • Policy shifted from Reservations to Assimilation • Forced Native Americans off reservations • Business owners wanted access to “rich land” • 1954-1962 withdrew financial assistance from 61 reservations • Unemployment • Poorest Minority group • 70-80% unemployment • Education • Inadequate education • Death/Disease • Death rate 3x higher than any other group • Highest disease rate/ lack medical services • Alcoholism • High alcoholism rates

10. Native Americans Fight for Equality • Native American History • Oppression by US Government • Expansion, force into territories • Trail of Tears • Seek autonomy (control over themselves) • Govern and control their own tribes • Inequality • High unemployment rate, increasing death rate, unequal education • 1961- Declaration of Indian Purpose • 61 tribes meet in Chicago • Create economic/educational/health equality for Native Americans • Include Native Americans in the “war on poverty” Until 1935, Native American people could be fined and sent to prison for practicing their traditional religious beliefs

12. Native American Movement • American Indian Movement • 1972 – Trail of Broken Treaties • March on Washington • Protect treatment of Indians • Indian Education Act 1972 • Tribes have greater control over their own affairs • Religious, land, governing, economy • Education •  Native Americans are citizens of their tribal nationsas well as the United States • "domestic dependent nations“ • Sovereign territories

13. 23.2 Women Fight for Equality Main Idea Through protests and marches, women confronted social and economic barriers in American society. Why it Matters Today The rise of the women’s movement during the 1960’s advanced women’s place in the workforce and in society.

14. Women in Society • 1950’s • “The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet” • TV showed the “expected” roles of men/women • Cooking, cleaning, taking care of the house • 70% of working women held clerical positions • taking care of the house and of their children.  • 1960’s • Marry, Raise a Family • Jobs: Nurses, Clerks, Teachers • Medical schools had a “quota” for allowing women • In 1962, Betty Friedan's book The Feminine Mystique • Captured the life of the “house wife” – Feminist Movement

15. A New Women’s Movement Arises • During the 1950’s, writer Betty Friedanseemed to be living the American dream. • The Feminine Mystique-addressed the “problem that has no name”. (1963) • Pursue goals and careers • feminism, • the belief the women should have economic, political, and social equality with men.

16. "telling it like it is.“ Personal Stories

17. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-3481363/International-Women-s-Day-2016-video-shows-girls-receive-pocket-money-brothers-highlight-gender-pay-gap.html#v-3465772669513517976http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-3481363/International-Women-s-Day-2016-video-shows-girls-receive-pocket-money-brothers-highlight-gender-pay-gap.html#v-3465772669513517976

18. The Movement Experiences Gains and Losses

19. Gains and Loses • National Organization for Women (NOW) • Betty Friedman • Pursue goals • Child-care facilities, ban gender discrimination hiring, • Allowed greater employment opportunities • Higher Education Act • Ban discrimination in education • Roe v Wade (1973) • Abortion – women’s right during first 3 months of pregnancy • Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) (introduced first in 1923) • Men and women equal rights under the law • Draft for military… • Never passed

20. The Movement’s Legacy • Succeeded in expanding career opportunities for women. • Changing times • Stanford Graduates • 1965: 70% of women planned to stay at home with children • 1972: 7% planned to stay at home • 1970- 8% of all medical school graduates and 5 % of law school graduates were women. • 1998- 42-44% • 1983- Women held 13.5 % of elected state offices as well as 24 seats in the U.S. Congress

23. Culture and Counterculture 1965-1974 Main Idea The ideals and lifestyle of the counterculture challenged the traditional views of Americans. Why it Matters Today The music, art, and politics of the counterculture have left enduring marks on American society.

24. The Counterculture • Counterculture- a movement made up mostly of white, middle-class college youth who had grown disillusioned with the war in Vietnam and injustices in America during the 1960’s. • Culture that was against mainstream society • Rebelled against music, dress and behavior • “don’t trust anyone over 30”

25. Counterculture • Why/How it started • Vietnam War/1950’s values, college enrollment • Rejected materialism -> personal beliefs became important • 60’s – most educated generation • War abroad = war at home • “Free Speech Movement” • Students for Democratic Society • End racism, poverty and violence • WHO? • Middle Class • White/College Educated • Baby boom of 1950’s

26. GENERATION GAP • Older Generation • “silent generation” • Lived through the Great Depression • Listened to same old music as parents (big bang) • Valued loyalty/authority • New Generation • “Boomer Generation” • Lived through 1950’s • Listen to “Rock N’ Roll” • Activist for Peace – Antiwar • Distrust authority

28. “Sex Drugs and Rock N’ Roll • Beatles – 1964 • Appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show • 70 million watched the show • Music becomes the vehicle for a movement • Protest and Change • Bob Dylan, Grateful Dead, Jimi Hendrix • Art • Andy Warhol – realistic paintings of grocery items • Questions traditional art

29. Counterculture • Hippie Culture or the Age of Aquarius • Rock ‘n Roll • Tie dyed t-shirts, torn jeans, military clothes, love beads • Communes – • Small communities where people share resources • “Sexual Revolution” • More open/Free compared to parents • Drugs • Routinely use drugs (LSD) “expand their minds” • Haight-Ashbury – San Francisco district (Hippie Capitol) • Timothy Leary – former Harvard Researcher • Drugs could free the mind • “tune in, turn on and drop out”

31. Culture-Music • Beatles Rise of Soul Music: Supremes Woodstock: New York Music Festival • 400,00o showed up - peaceful and well organized

32. Positive and Negatives • Positives • Plants the seeds for the “Rights Revolution” • Utopian lifestyle • More authentic way of living • Live off the land • “environmental movement” • Negatives • Drug addictions increased dramatically • Leads to death of youth and many famous musicians • Jimi Hendrix • Values decreased • People became more self centered.

33. The Conservative Response • In the late 1960’s, many believed that the country was losing its sense of right and wrong. • Richard Nixon • Conservatives attacked the counterculture