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Cardiovascular System

Cardiovascular System. The Cardiovascular System. A closed system of the heart and blood vessels The heart pumps blood Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body

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Cardiovascular System

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  1. Cardiovascular System

  2. The Cardiovascular System • A closed system of the heart and blood vessels • The heart pumps blood • Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body • The function of the cardiovascular system is to deliver oxygen and nutrients and to remove carbon dioxide and other waste products

  3. The Heart • Location • Thorax between the lungs • Pointed apex directed toward left hip • About the size of your fist

  4. The Heart Figure 11.1

  5. The Heart: Coverings • Pericardium – a double serous membrane • Visceral pericardium • Next to heart • Parietal pericardium • Outside layer • Serous fluid fills the space between the layers of pericardium

  6. The Heart: Heart Wall • Three layers • Epicardium • Outside layer • This layer is the parietal pericardium • Connective tissue layer • Myocardium • Middle layer • Mostly cardiac muscle • Endocardium • Inner layer • Endothelium

  7. Homeostatic Imbalance • When the heart beats fast, it might not get all the blood it needs • This leads to the myocardium being deprived of oxygen resulting in crushing chest pain • This pain should not be ignored, as it could mean hearts cells are dying • This could lead to a myocardial infarction (aka: heart attack)

  8. External Heart Anatomy Figure 11.2a

  9. The Heart: Chambers • Right and left side act as separate pumps • Four chambers • Atria • Receiving chambers • Right atrium • Left atrium • Ventricles • Discharging chambers • Right ventricle • Left ventricle Figure 11.2c

  10. Blood Circulation • Pulmonary Circulation • Carry blood to the lungs for gas exchange and then return it to the heart -Systemic Circulation -Blood leaving your heart on the left side, nourishing your body tissues, and returning on the right side Figure 11.3

  11. The Heart: Valves • Allow blood to flow in only one direction • Four valves • Atrioventricular(AV) valves – between atria and ventricles • Bicuspid valve (left) • Tricuspid valve (right) • Semilunar valves between ventricle and artery • Pulmonary semilunar valve • Aortic semilunar valve

  12. The Heart: Valves • Valves open as blood is pumped through • Held in place by chordaetendineae (“heart strings”) • Close to prevent backflow

  13. Operation of Heart Valves Figure 11.4

  14. The Heart: Associated Great Vessels • Aorta • Leaves left ventricle • Pulmonary arteries • Leave right ventricle • Vena cava • Enters right atrium • Pulmonary veins (four) • Enter left atrium

  15. Coronary Circulation • Blood in the heart chambers does not nourish the myocardium • The heart has its own nourishing circulatory system • Coronary arteries • Cardiac veins • Blood empties into the right atrium via the coronary sinus

  16. Blood Groups and Transfusions • Large losses of blood have serious consequences • Loss of 15 to 30 percent causes weakness • Loss of over 30 percent causes shock, which can be fatal • The average adult has about 5.5 L of blood • It takes one minute for blood to flow in a complete cycle • The heart pumps about 6000 quarts of blood in a single day!

  17. Blood Groups and Transfusions • Transfusions are the only way to replace blood quickly • Transfused blood must be of the same blood group

  18. Human Blood Groups • Blood contains genetically determined proteins • A foreign protein (antigen) may be attacked by the immune system • Blood is “typed” by using antibodies that will cause blood with certain proteins to clump (agglutination)

  19. ABO Blood Groups • Based on the presence or absence of two antigens • Type A • Type B • The lack of these antigens is called type O

  20. ABO Blood Groups • The presence of both A and B is called type AB • The presence of either A or B is called types A and B, respectively

  21. Rh Blood Groups • Named because of the presence or absence of one of eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen D) • Most Americans are Rh+ • Problems can occur in mixing Rh+ blood into a body with Rh– blood

  22. Blood Typing • Blood samples are mixed with anti-A and anti-B serum • Coagulation or no coagulation leads to determining blood type • Typing for ABO and Rh factors is done in the same manner • Cross matching – testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa

  23. Blood Typing Figure 10.8

  24. Blood Pressure • Pressure the blood exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessels • It is the force that keeps blood circulating continuously throughout the body • Blood pressure consists of 2 numbers Systolic Pressure = peak pressure Diastolic Pressure Relaxed pressure • “Normal” blood pressure is 110 – 140 75 – 80

  25. Measuring Blood Pressure • Get a blood pressure meter • Sit in your chair like normal • Strap it around your bicep • Pump the air in • Record the numbers • Let the air out • NOW, try it while bending over (arm below heart) • Do you notice a difference?

  26. Heart Sounds • When using a stethoscope, 2 distinct sounds can be heard  lub, dup • These sounds happen when valves in your heart shut • Murmurs are sounds that can be heard that should not be there • Faulty valves or blocked blood vessels

  27. Heart Sounds • Get a stethoscope • Listen to your heart beat or a group members heart beat • Do you hear the lub dup? • Do you hear any murmurs?

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