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The English Civil War and the rise of Parliament. Our objectives for this show are:. You will be able to know the meaning of Divine Right monarch. Identify the major conflicts over money in the reigns of James I and Charles I In what way did Oliver Cromwell modernize the army?
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Our objectives for this show are: • You will be able to know the meaning of Divine Right monarch. • Identify the major conflicts over money in the reigns of James I and Charles I • In what way did Oliver Cromwell modernize the army? • You will be able to know the challenges that Cromwell faced during the protectorate of England.
Elizabeth I died in 1603. She named James I, son of Mary Queen of Scots as her heir.
Elizabeth had ruled her country with the help of advisors. She did not always listen to Parliament, and over time, Parliament resented her arbitrary rule. But they rallied around her when the Armada attacked.
Elizabeth was a politique. She was flexible and played fast and loose with religious doctrine.
After her death, the Ruling house of England changed from Tudor to Stuart.
Spain, England’s rival, diminished as a European power. . . • It was highly dependent on the New World for its Wealth • Industry and trade declined • Yet, in the area of literature and painting, it was going through a golden age.
But for the British, the 16th century was a time of achievement - • They were proud of Shakespeare and Milton • Music and Science • Trade—Coal and Wool • All contributed to England’s wealth
For this lecture, we will now turn to England and Scotland. It is after Elizabeth’s death, and Scotland and England are now united under one king, King James.
On the continent, Kings continued to clash with nobles in the destructive Thirty Years War. In England, a workable form of government would be created. This is often described in history books as “The Rise of Parliament.”
James I took the throne in 1603. He strongly believed in the “divine right” idea of monarchy. Divine right meant that Kings were answerable to God: God had placed them on the throne.
Though he was raised a Protestant by the Scots, when his mother (Mary) was exiled in England, James saw religion as a state institution. He resented the extreme Puritanism=Calvinism=Independence that was expanding in England.
At the same time, many English migrated to the new world in the 1600’s seeking great religious autonomy
James asserted his royal rights. He also needed money, and was cash strapped due to archaic systems of money collection
James was a homosexual. He had many young favorites, including one called “Steenie,” the Duke of Buckingham, whom he lavished money and land grants on. This was a subject of London gossip, and further weakened the monarchy.
A great achievement of James’ reign was the King James Bible, which we will discuss at a later time.
After many years of illness, James died in 1625. His son, Charles I, succeeded him. Like his father, he needed money.
Parliament disliked the way that both Charles and James were insisting that a King should be able to raise taxes on his authority
Many members of Parliament resented the Star Chamber, the court set up by Henry VII, which continued to settle cases.
English Parliament had unique traits. There was only one Parliament. And that parliament had two houses: The House of Lords consisted mainly of hereditary noblemen The House of Commons consisted of lesser nobles, merchants, and mayors
Question: Who gave the landowners large portions of land in the 1500’s? Question: And from where did this land come?
The Petition of Right made reference to the rights laid out in another ancient document—signed in 1215-- What was that document?
Angry about this, and other concessions, Charles dissolves Parliament in 1629. It will not meet for 11 years.
Even today, this tradition is honored by Queen Elizabeth II, who invites Parliament to sit each fall.
Over the next few years, Charles antagonizes the government. He supports the Church of England over the Puritans He attempts to raise funds without consent of Parliament.
The straw that breaks the camels back: the King needed to modernize the navy with “ship-money” Before, only the coastal towns had provided ships—Charles wanted all of England to share in the expense of the navy. Those who lived in the middle counties didn’t want to share the expense They asserted the right that TAXES could not be LEVIED without the permission of Parliament.
The ability to suppress revolts was weakened by this deadlock between King and Parliament.Charles could not raise the money he needed.
Let’s review this important difference about how France and England levied taxes. • ENGLAND—consent of Parliament • FRANCE—King could directly levy Taxes!
The Scots rebelled in 1637 when England tried to force the Anglican church over the Presbyterian church as the state religion.
Charles invited Parliament to meet—the first time in 11 years—remember it had been dissolved in 1629. • Parliament proved hostile to his demands. • So Charles dissolved it until new members could be elected— • The same men were voted in!
This Parliament would be the same for 20 years—1640 to 1660 In that time, England would suffer a civil war. But we call this parliament the LONG PARLIAMENT.
The Long Parliament moves on the King’s prerogatives: • It abolished the Star Chamber • It allowed for Royal advisors to be punished and not have royal immunity • It abolished the office of Bishop in the Anglican church
In 1642, The English Civil War begins. The Puritans gain Scottish support by promising to support Presbyterianism as a state religion Most of the support is from the wealthy south-east of England The King drew his followers from various nobles and the North and West of England
His military force was called The New Model Army, nicknamed “The Ironsides.”
Cromwell felt that Charles should be put to death; when Parliament hesitated, he broke it up and selected those who were willing to eliminate the Tyrant. This was called Pride’s Purge after the man whom Cromwell appointed to clear out Parliament
The New Parliament was now much reduced (to 50 members) but it would now, at last, agree to the trial of Charles I. This was called the Rump Parliament, and it would have the dubious honor of trying and executing a King.
