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1. The English Civil War and the rise of Parliament
2. Elizabeth I died in 1603. She named James I, son of Mary Queen of Scots as her heir.
3. Elizabeth had ruled her country with the help of advisors. She did not always listen to Parliament, and over time, Parliament resented her arbitrary rule. But they rallied around her when the Armada attacked.
4. Elizabeth was a politique. She was flexible and played fast and loose with religious doctrine.
5. Elizabeth was a unique monarch. She was loved and feared.
6. After her death, the Ruling house of England changed from Tudor to Stuart.
7. Spain, England’s rival, diminished as a European power. . . It was highly dependent on the New World for its Wealth
Industry and trade declined
Yet, in the area of literature and painting, it was going through a golden age.
8. But for the British, the 16th century was a time of achievement - They were proud of Shakespeare and Milton
Music and Science
Trade—Coal and Wool
All contributed to England’s wealth
9. For this lecture, we will now turn to England and Scotland. It is after Elizabeth’s death, and Scotland and England are now united under one king, King James.
10. On the continent, Kings continued to clash with nobles in the destructive Thirty Years War. In England, a workable form of government would be created. This is often described in history books as “The Rise of Parliament.”
11. James I took the throne in 1603. He strongly believed in the “divine right” idea of monarchy. Divine right meant that Kings were answerable to God: God had placed them on the throne.
12. Though he was raised a Protestant by the Scots, when his mother (Mary) was exiled in England, James saw religion as a state institution. He resented the extreme Puritanism=Calvinism=Independence that was expanding in England.
13. At the same time, many English migrated to the new world in the 1600’s seeking great religious autonomy
14. The most famous were the pilgrims in 1621.
15. The thirteen colonies began to form.
16. James asserted his royal rights. He also needed money, and was cash strapped due to archaic systems of money collection
17. James was a homosexual. He had many young favorites, including one called “Steenie,” the Duke of Buckingham, whom he lavished money and land grants on. This was a subject of London gossip, and further weakened the monarchy.
18. A great achievement of James’ reign was the King James Bible, which we will discuss at a later time.
19. After many years of illness, James died in 1625. His son, Charles I, succeeded him. Like his father, he needed money.
21. Parliament disliked the way that both Charles and James were insisting that a King should be able to raise taxes on his authority
22. Many members of Parliament resented the Star Chamber, the court set up by Henry VII, which continued to settle cases.
23. English Parliament had unique traits. There was only one Parliament.
And that parliament had two houses:
The House of Lords consisted mainly of hereditary noblemen
The House of Commons consisted of lesser nobles, merchants, and mayors
24. Both houses were dominated by Landowners.
25. Question: Who gave the landowners large portions of land in the 1500’s? Question: And from where did this land come?
27. The Petition of Right made reference to the rights laid out in another ancient document—signed in 1215-- What was that document?
28. Angry about this, and other concessions, Charles dissolves Parliament in 1629. It will not meet for 11 years.
29. Parliament could only meet legally without a royal summons.
30. Even today, this tradition is honored by Queen Elizabeth II, who invites Parliament to sit each fall.
31. Over the next few years, Charles antagonizes the government. He supports the Church of England over the Puritans
He attempts to raise funds without consent of Parliament.
32. The straw that breaks the camels back: the King needed to modernize the navy with “ship-money” Before, only the coastal towns had provided ships—Charles wanted all of England to share in the expense of the navy.
Those who lived in the middle counties didn’t want to share the expense
They asserted the right that TAXES could not be LEVIED without the permission of Parliament.
33. The ability to suppress revolts was weakened by this deadlock between King and Parliament. Charles could not raise the money he needed.
34. Let’s review this important difference about how France and England levied taxes. ENGLAND—consent of Parliament
FRANCE—King could directly levy Taxes!
35. The Scots rebelled in 1637 when England tried to force the Anglican church over the Presbyterian church as the state religion.
36. Charles invited Parliament to meet—the first time in 11 years—remember it had been dissolved in 1629. Parliament proved hostile to his demands.
So Charles dissolved it until new members could be elected—
The same men were voted in!
37. This Parliament would be the same for 20 years—1640 to 1660 In that time, England would suffer a civil war. But we call this parliament the LONG PARLIAMENT.
38. The Long Parliament moves on the King’s prerogatives: It abolished the Star Chamber
It allowed for Royal advisors to be punished and not have royal immunity
It abolished the office of Bishop in the Anglican church
39. In 1642, The English Civil War begins. The Puritans gain Scottish support by promising to support Presbyterianism as a state religion
Most of the support is from the wealthy south-east of England The King drew his followers from various nobles and the North and West of England
41. The Parliamentary forces were called ROUNDHEADS
42. The Royal Forces were called Cavaliers.
43. The Leader of the Puritans was Oliver Cromwell
44. His military force was called The New Model Army, nicknamed “The Ironsides.”
46. Cromwell defeated the Royalists and Charles was captured.
47. Cromwell felt that Charles should be put to death; when Parliament hesitated, he broke it up and selected those who were willing to eliminate the Tyrant.
48. The New Parliament was now much reduced (to 50 members) but it would now, at last, agree to the trial of Charles I. This was called the Rump Parliament, and it would have the dubious honor of trying and executing a King.
49. There had never been a formal trial of a King; old manuscripts had to be looked at to figure out if it had happened in ancient Roman times.
50. Of course, there had always been assassinations—but never a trial.
51. The trial was held, Charles was found guilty of treason. He was executed in 1649. His wife and children had fled to France.
53. Bloodstained shirt of Charles I.
54. Cromwell refused the crown of England, saying he would be, instead, the Lord Protector
56. England was declared a republic. Scotland was upset, but Cromwell subdued both Scotland and Ireland by force when they rebelled.
57. In Ireland, thousands of Catholics died, and the land was distributed to the Protestants.
58. Cromwell, an able and just man, was forever stained by the deeds of his army in Ireland.
59. Cromwell ruled England with as much difficulty as Charles I, the king he had executed.
60. He limited Dutch trade, turning a former ally into an enemy (Navigation Acts) He gained Jamaica for the British
61. But for many, the idea of a Lord Protector instead of a King seemed extreme. There was lingering guilt about Charles I’s execution.
62. During this time, Quakers, led by George Fox, emerged as a religion
63. The Levelers, another group, believed in universal suffrage
64. The Diggers wanted to occupy and farm common lands; they were against private ownership of land.
65. Finally, there were the Scientologists, who took over toothsome movies stars and their young girlfriends.
66. Cromwell opposed all these groups—but he could not turn to Anglicans and Royalists for support. Remember, he had killed their king.
67. Over time, Cromwell depended on a military rule to govern England. He died in 1658, and was succeeded by his son, Richard.
68. Richard was unable to control the country England looked to the dead King’s son, Charles II to return from France and restore the Monarchy.
69. In 1660, Charles II, returns to England to take the throne. The Restoration begins.
