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Cardiovascular System

Cardiovascular System. Heart. A hollow, cone-shaped muscular pump located within the thorax, resting upon the diaphragm. The heart is enclosed by the pericardium, which is made up of three layers. Pericardium. Fibrous pericardium: leathery outer bag

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Cardiovascular System

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  1. Cardiovascular System

  2. Heart A hollow, cone-shaped muscular pump located within the thorax, resting upon the diaphragm.

  3. The heart is enclosed by the pericardium, which is made up of three layers.

  4. Pericardium • Fibrous pericardium: leathery outer bag • Parietal pericardium: the more delicate middle layer • Epicardium: most delicate, closest to the heart.

  5. Pericardial Cavity The space between the parietal pericardium and the epicardium. Containing serous fluid to reduce friction for heart contraction.

  6. That should sound familiar…

  7. The wall of the heart: • Epicardium: serous membrane, CT, adipose = protective layer. • Myocardium: cardiac muscle tissue, (what does that contain?) = forces blood out of the chamber.

  8. 3. Endocardium: epithelium and CT, highly elastic, filled with purkinje fibers. - purkinje fibers are the specialized fibers used to stimulate the muscle in a wringing fashion.

  9. Blood Pathway

  10. Atriums collect Ventricles disperse Breakdown

  11. Tricuspid Valve Right atrium Right ventricle Bicuspid Valve Left atrium Left ventricle

  12. The Valves The purpose is to allow for only ONE-WAY flow.

  13. Blood pathway • O2 poor blood enters the RA through the vena cava and coronary sinus. • Blood flows through the tricuspid valve to the RV.

  14. Blood leaves the RV by way of the pulmonary artery. • Blood is oxygenated by capillary exchange of the lungs.

  15. O2 rich blood enters the LA through the pulmonary veins. • Blood flows through the bicuspid valve to the LV.

  16. Blood leaves the heart through the aorta. • Blood is dispersed throughout the body. • This forms the “double-loop” system.

  17. Heart sounds • “ LUB – DUB” • The characteristic “LUB” • Ventricular contraction • The characteristic “DUB” • Ventricular relaxation

  18. Vascular • Arteries: carry blood away from the heart. • Strong • Muscular • Highly elastic

  19. Arterioles • Thinner • Smaller • Elastic branches of the arteries.

  20. Capillaries • Smallest vessels • Point of gas exchange • Union of arterioles and venules. • Not muscular

  21. Venule • Vessels continuing from capillaries • Merge to form veins • Not muscular • What pushes the blood?

  22. Residual force • Skeletal muscle contraction

  23. Vein • Carries blood back to the heart. • Paths parallel arteries. • Contain flap-like valves to ensure one-way flow.

  24. Blood Pressure • Measured by arterial pressure in branches of the aorta. • Systole_= v contraction Diastole = v relaxation

  25. Stroke volume • The amount of blood discharged from the LV per contraction. • Average 70mL

  26. Cardiac Output • Amount of blood discharged from the LV per minute.

  27. Heart Rate • Number of beats per minute.

  28. Equation SV * HR = CO Stroke volume multiplied by heart rate produces cardiac output.

  29. Measuring BP • Place cuff just above elbow, with the dial facing you. • Find the radial pulse. • Pump cuff up to the point at which the radial pulse can no longer be felt, record the number.

  30. Release the pressure. • Place the bell on the inside of the elbow. • Pump the cuff to 20 mmHg passed the number recorded. • Release air very slowly and listen.

  31. Record the number at which the first beat is heard. (systole) • The sound fades and then begins again, record the second number at which the beat is heard. (diastole) • Release pressure and remove cuff.

  32. Electrocardiogram • The recording of electrical changes that occur in the myocardium during the cardiac cycle.

  33. Cardiac Cycle • P wave: depolarization of the atrial fibers • “contract Atrium”

  34. QRS- wave: depolarization of ventricular fibers • Contract ventricle • Powerful wave

  35. T- wave: repolarization of ventricular fibers • relaxation

  36. Clinical Terms

  37. Aneurysm • Sac-like swelling in the wall of a blood vessel

  38. Congestive Heart Failure • The heart is unable to pump enough blood to the body cells

  39. Palpitation • Unusually rapid, strong, or abnormal heart beat

  40. Phlebotomy • Incision of a vein • Draw blood

  41. Sinus rhythm • Normal cardiac rhythm

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