The Protestant Reformation Begins

1. The Protestant Reformation Begins

2. Renaissance Ideas Spread Across Europe • Humanism spreads North, out of Italy • Northern Europe less infatuated with Rome, but just as religious as the Italians • Christian Humanism • Interested in Reform (leads to Reformation) • Become critical of the Church • Want to reform society in general • Better Education

3. Thomas More’sUtopia • Book depicts an ideal society • No greed, no corruption, no war • No need for money • Utopia has come to mean an ideal society • The word “utopia” is Greek for “no place”

4. Erasmus • Catholic Priest • Believed in a “Christianity of the Heart” • Thought all people should study the Bible • Which they now can, because …….

5. The Printing Press Changes Everything From This To This Books can be made 500 times faster for a fraction of the cost

6. Printing Press first invented in China • European Languages work great with printing press • Gutenberg revolutionizes printing • The Bible is the first full length book printed in Europe

7. Effects of the Printing Press • Ideas Spread Faster • Books are Cheaper, More Abundant • Rise in literacy • Linked with rise in use of vernacular • People could own, read, interpret Bible on their own

8. Meanwhile…Pope Leo X • Son of…. Lorenzo de Medici • Real name: Giovani de Medici • Spent a TON of money • Rebuilt St. Peter’s Basilica • Has Raphael decorate many rooms in the Vatican • Led a War to help his dad and brother

9. Raphael Rooms

10. Pope Spends Too Much Money • Wants to Rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica • Sells Indulgences to raise money • Indulgence: Remission of Sins; a pardon

11. Tetzel takes things too far • Johann Tetzel, German Friar • Sells Indulgences • Tells people they can buy indulgences for those already deceased in order to get them out of purgatory and into heaven. • “As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs”

12. Martin Luther • Catholic Priest • German Monk • Professor of Theology • Disagrees with the sale of indulgences by Tetzel • Writes out his arguments, nails them to the door of the church in Wittenburg

13. 95 Theses • Start the Protestant Reformation in 1517 • Specific Arguments against the sale of indulgences • Argues that the Pope does not have power to forgive some sins, but can only recognize God’s forgiveness. • If people can be freed from purgatory, why doesn’t the Pope free everyone from out of love rather than for money?

14. Luther not first to challenge Church • John Wycliffe • Said Bible was highest authority • Translated Bible into English (vernacular) • Didn’t like the wealth and worldliness of the Church • Declared a heretic after his death • His body was dug up his body burned • Jan Hus • Preached the Authority of Bible higher than authority of Pope • Excommunicated, declared a heretic, burned at the stake

15. Why does Luther’s Protests Start the Reformation when earlier reformers did not? • The Printing Press! • Thousands and Thousands of copies spread throughout Germany and Europe

16. Martin Luther (cont) • Luther’s “95 Theses” is condemned by the Pope • A trial is set for Luther in Germany • Holy Roman Emperor guarantees his safety Take back what you said or I’ll totally excommunicate you (or worse). Nope, Sorry Bro I’ll protect you Martin

17. Diet of Worms • Luther is told to recant, he refuses • Excommunicated • Deemed a heretic

18. Luther Escapes Capture • Helped by friends, Luther escapes capture. • Translates the Bible into German while in hiding. • Later marries an ex-nun, Katharina von Bora

19. Lutheranism • Faith! • “Faith Alone” needed to be saved • Good works not needed to get into heaven, only faith • Study the Bible yourself • Vernacular translations of the Bible

20. Luther’s ideas Lead to Bloodshed • GermanPeasants Revolt • GermanPrinces go to war over religion • Protestant Princes againstleader of Holy Roman Empire (Charles V) and Catholic Princes

21. German Peasants Revolt: Causes • Religious • Luther’s preaching includes ideas of equality and fairness • Luther condemns peasant revolts • Social • Peasants had been making more money since plague • As population grew, land owners lowered wages • Peasants not having it

22. German Peasants Revolt: Results • Aristocracy completely destroys the uprising • Over 100,000 deaths ! • Some estimatedeaths at 300,000!

23. Holy Roman Empire in 1500 Not Holy, Not Roman, Not an Empire Located in modern day Germany Not a united nation but a patchwork of independent states Each State had its own Prince The Ruler of the Holy Roman Empire was Charles V (Catholic)

24. Lutheranism Catches on in H.R.E. • Some Princes in HRE converted to Lutheranism • Could assert independence from HRE, not pay taxes to Charles V • Also could confiscate church land • Leads to War with head of HRE (Charles V) and Catholic Princes

25. Peace of Augsburg • Each Ruler could decide the religion of his state • Lutheranism legalized by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V • Important step for religious freedom

26. Protestantism Spreads

27. Calvinism • PREDESTINATION! • God has already chosen who will be saved • These people are known as the “elect” • Ideal government is a theocracy • Government controlled by religious leaders • Calvin set one up in Geneva Switzerland • Very strict • No dancing, no singing, no playing cards, no eating fancy foods, no wearing jewelry, no bright clothing….

28. Anabaptists • Avoid “worldly” temptations • Lived in small communities separated from the outside world • Think of the Amish (Amish are Anabaptists) • Baptism for adults who could profess their faith

30. Reformation in EnglandHenry VIII Henry VIII – King of England Roman Catholic Opposed Luther’s beliefs Named ‘Defender of the Faith’ by Pope Leo X Reformer due to circumstance not personal beliefs

31. King Henry VIII (8th) of England • King Henry Married to Catherine of Aragon • She was married to his brother first • Married to Henry for 24 years • No male heir to the throne • Henry VIII wants a divorce (annulment) • Pope says no • Henry starts his own church(Church of England) with him as head of the church • Act of Supremacy

32. Act of Supremacy • Makes King of England head of Church of England • Many church leaders refused to accept this • Thomas More refuses to go along with king • Thomas More executed • Henry VIII excommunicated from Church

33. Henry Marries Again • Henry gives himself a divorce • Marries Anne Boleyn 5 days later • She has a baby girl, still no male heir • Three years after their marriage, Henry has Anne Boleyn beheaded • Accused of adultery and high treason

34. Henry Maries Again • 10 days after Anne Boleyn Beheaded, Henry married Jane Seymour • Has a baby boy! Edward • Dies from complications of child birth • Married to Henry for 1 year 4 months

35. Henry Maries Again! • Anne of Cleaves • Henry gets a divorce (annulment) • Married for 6 months! Henry Maries AGAIN! • Catherine Howard • Cheated on Henry • Henry had her beheaded • Married for 1 year

36. You guessed it: Henry Marries Again • Catherine Parr • Married for 3 years • Henry’s death ends the marriage

37. Henry’s Six Wives! Divorced, Beheaded, Died, Divorced, Beheaded, Survived. Catherine of Aragon Annulled Anne Boleyn Annulled then beheaded Catherine Parr survived Catherine Howard Annulled then beheaded Jane Seymour Died childbed fever Anne of Cleves Annulled http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc/horriblehistories/song4.shtml

38. The Church Reforms itself • Counter Reformation or Catholic Reformation • New Popes Implement Reforms • Council of Trent • No More Indulgences • Jesuits • Focus on Education and Missionaries • Inquisition • Seek out and put and end to Heresy • Forbidden Books Burned