The Early Republic Lesson 1 The New Government Finds Its Way

1. The Early Republic Lesson 1 The New Government Finds Its Way

2. The Early Republic Lesson 1 The New Government Finds Its Way Learning Objectives • Describe how Washington’s administration built the federal government. • Analyze Hamilton’s plans for the economy and the opposition to them. • Explain how a two-party system emerged in the new nation. • Explain how territorial expansion brought Americans into conflict with the British and with American Indians. • Describe American relations with Britain, France, and Spain. • Analyze how the political parties’ debates over foreign policy further divided them.

3. The Early Republic Lesson 1 The New Government Finds Its Way Key Terms • administration • precedents • Cabinet • tariffs • loose construction • strict construction • Whiskey Rebellion • political parties • Democratic Republicans • Little Turtle • Battle of Fallen Timbers • French Revolution • John Jay • XYZ Affair • Alien and Sedition Acts • Virginia and Kentucky resolutions • Aaron Burr

4. Creating a New Government In 1789, the leaders of the new federal government of the United States gathered in New York City. Besides ideals, they had very little to guide them. The newly ratified Constitution was clear on some points but vague on others. It was also entirely untested. Those who had written the Constitution, along with the new President, George Washington, knew full well that a good start would secure the daring experiment in republican union. But early mistakes could doom it.

5. Creating a New Government • President Washington • Building the Court System • Creating the President's Cabinet

6. Creating a New Government Washington’s Cabinet included some of the nation’s most respected statesmen of the era. (from left) George Washington, Henry Knox, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, and Edmund Randolph.

7. Creating a New Government Analyze Information Which court would be responsible for trying an appeal relating to a civil maritime offense?

8. Addressing the Nation's Debt Hamilton was tasked with organizing the young nation’s immense debts and setting it on a course of economic security. A true Federalist, he believed that a strong, centralized government was necessary to preserve the Union. As he developed his plans, Hamilton faced fierce and vocal opposition from Antifederalists, who feared that a strong national government would threaten states’ rights and people’s freedoms. Their struggles and debates made clear that two very different views of government were emerging in the new nation.

9. Addressing the Nation's Debt • Hamilton's Plan • Promoting Commerce and Industrial Growth • Southern States Oppose Hamilton's Plan • Hamilton Compromises • The Whiskey Rebellion

10. Addressing the Nation's Debt As Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton promoted policies aimed at placing the young United States on sound financial footing by supporting a centralized, commercial economy.

11. Addressing the Nation's Debt Analyze Data How would you explain the debt problem facing the new government?

12. Addressing the Nation's Debt Analyze Information Which region of the United States mostly benefited from Hamilton's plan? Justify your response.

13. Political Divisions Lead to Two Parties The Whiskey Rebellion highlighted the growing division in American politics. The federal government, headed by Washington and Hamilton, sought to secure its power and authority. Meanwhile the opposition, led by Madison and Jefferson, grew stronger.

14. Political Divisions Lead to Two Parties • The Whiskey Rebellion Stirs Debate • Political Parties Emerge

15. Political Divisions Lead to Two Parties A 1794 cartoon added to the intense debate over the Whiskey Rebellion. Analyze Political Cartoons Does this cartoon mostly support the government or the rebels? How can you tell?

16. Political Divisions Lead to Two Parties Analyze Data Based on what you know about the early republican government, were state legislatures likely controlled more by Democratic Republicans or by Federalists? How can you tell?

17. Domestic and Foreign Affairs In addition to building a government, making peace with American Indians, and maintaining control over expanded borders, the young United States had to establish itself in the international community during a volatile time. By 1793, Britain and France had resumed war, and it became difficult for the United States to stay neutral. Debate over America’s response to a war and to a revolution in France affected the nation’s foreign policy as well as its domestic structure.

18. Domestic and Foreign Affairs • Settlement in the Northwest Territory • Americans and the French Revolution • Washington Declares Neutrality • Treaties Maintain Peace • Washington’s Farewell

19. Domestic and Foreign Affairs Analyze Maps Why was the Miami nation especially opposed to U.S. settlement on the Northwest Territory?

20. Domestic and Foreign Affairs An illustration shows the 1794 Battle of Fallen Timbers, which weakened American Indian resistance in the West.

21. Domestic and Foreign Affairs Analyze Information What effect did these two treaties have on U.S. trade and commercial interests?

22. Foreign Policy Affects Domestic Politics The Federalist candidate, John Adams, narrowly defeated Thomas Jefferson in the 1796 presidential election. The nation voted along regional lines, with Jefferson winning most of the southern electoral votes and Adams carrying almost all of the northern states. Due to an awkward feature of the Constitution, Jefferson, as the second place finisher, became Adams’s Vice President.

23. Foreign Policy Affects Domestic Politics • Adams Confronts France • The Alien and Sedition Acts • Virginia and Kentucky Respond • The Election of 1800

24. Foreign Policy Affects Domestic Politics Analyze Data What do these election results suggest about the balance of political power in the United States in 1796?

25. Foreign Policy Affects Domestic Politics A 1798 political cartoon depicts the outcome of the XYZ Affair. Analyze Political Cartoons What view does this cartoon suggest about the French treatment of the United States?

26. Foreign Policy Affects Domestic Politics Analyze Maps Which regions mostly supported Federalists? Which regions preferred Democratic Republicans?

27. Quiz: Creating a New Government Which of the following explains why building the federal government was a challenge for President Washington's administration? A. Spanish and British forces continued to attack the American army. B. The Constitution did not contain many rules to guide the administration. C. The new federal court system restricted the powers of the President and his Cabinet. D. Washington was unable to organize and set priorities for the new government.

28. Quiz: Addressing the Nation's Debt Hamilton faced opposition from Antifederalists, who feared that a strong national government would A. eventually abolish all state governments. B. not send federal tax money to the South. C. not gain the support of people living in the northern states. D. threaten states’ rights and the freedom of citizens.

29. Quiz: Political Divisions Lead to Two Parties Important leaders of the Federalists and the Democratic Republicans, respectively, were A. Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson B. George Washington and John Adams C. James Madison and John Marshall D. Henry Knox and Edmund Randolph

30. Quiz: Domestic and Foreign Affairs How did the Washington administration avoid conflicts with Britain and Spain? A. by refusing to negotiate with the British and Spanish, forcing them to surrender their North American claims B. by giving in to British and Spanish demands C. by compromising with the British and Spanish and signing several treaties that protected the interests of all involved D. by coercing the American Indians to fight against British and Spanish interests

31. Quiz: Foreign Policy Affects Domestic Politics What was the purpose of the Sedition Act? A. to make public support of France a crime B. to outlaw criticism of Democratic Republican policies C. to prohibit new immigration to the United States D. to stop Americans from publicly criticizing the federal government