Reformation

1. Reformation

2. #1 Decline of Spain Review The rise in population coupled with inflation led to a weakening of Spanish industry and emigration. The expulsion of Jews and moors in 1492 also contributed to the decline, as they were productive members of the economy. MARK FOR REVIEW SHOW NEXT

3. #2 Phillip II Review Son of charles v and a devout catholic, he was the habsburgruler of spainfrom 1556-98. he led the spanish counter- reformation but failed to invade protestant england with his spanish armada. MARK FOR REVIEW SHOW NEXT

4. #3 William of Orange Review Ruler of the netherlands who led a revolt for independence against hapsburgphillip ii of spain. MARK FOR REVIEW SHOW NEXT

5. Charles V Hapsburg ruler of Spain from 1516-56. Elected Holy roman emperor in 1519. he defended the habsburg lands from the ottomans and decided to split the habsburgspanish and holy roman lands between his son, phillip ii, and his brother, ferninandi.

6. Treaty of Westphalia 1648 Treaty ending the thirty years war, (the protestant rebellion against the holy roman empire). France gained alsace; the netherlands and switzerland gained independence from the holy roman empire; and the german princes were given near independence from the empire.

7. Holy Roman Empire Political affiliation of germanic and central european city states and principalities to perpetuate latinchristendom. Did not include england and france. Emperors after the fourteenth century were elected by seven electors representing the clergy and important participants.

8. Separatists (Puritans) Radical protestants in england who believed henry viii did not take extreme enough measures in merely creating the anglican church. They favored “purifying” the new anglicanchurch of all similarities to the catholic church.

9. Spanish Armada Fleet of 130 ships launched by spain’s catholic philipii to conquer england during the time of elizabethi. england was victorious in defeating the spanish, who never again posed a decided threat against england.

10. Mary Queen of Scots Catholic relative to protestant queen elizabeth I of england. She allegedly plotted with spain’sphillip ii to overthrow elizabeth and reassert catholicism in england. Elizabeth had her beheaded.

11. Bloody Mary Oldest daughter of henry viii. Queen of england from 1553-58. known for her ruthless, deadly suppression of the anglicanism in attempting to re-catholicize england. She married spain’sphillip ii.

12. Henry VIII Tudor king of england form 1509-47. established the anglican church as the official church of england when the catholic church refused to nullify his marriage. His son, edward vi, was sickly and died in 1553, leaving the throne to mary.

13. Elizabeth I Tudor queen of england. Succeeded mary I n 1558 and ruled until 1603. in addition to leading the defeat of the spanish armada and developing england into a world power, she strengthened protestantism. Daughter of henry viii.

14. Jansenism Movement within the seventeenth- century Catholic Church. Jansenism opposed the Jesuits and advocated that humans could only achieve salvation through divine grace, not through good works.

15. Jesuits A religious order known as the Society of Jesus, created to strengthen support of the Church during the Counter- Reformation. Founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534, these “soldier of the Counter- Reformation” were committed to doing good deeds in order to achieve salvation.

16. Council of Trent Council Summoned by Pope Paul III to try and define Catholic doctrine and thwart Protestant attacks on Catholic beliefs. These meetings did not reform the doctrines but did end several corrupt practices criticized by Reformers within the Church and reasserted traditional Catholic doctrine.

17. Index of Forbidden Books Written by Pope Paul IV as a part of the Counter- Reformation. The index forbade Catholics from reading books considered “harmful” to faith or morals. This indicates the significance of the printing press in disseminating Reformation ideas

18. Counter- Reformation Sometimes called the Catholic Reformation. The Counter- Reformation was started in the 1530’s by the Church and was aimed at reforming internal Church practices to combat the success of the Protestant Reformation.

19. Edict of Nantes Decreed by French King Henry IV in 1598, it granted Huguenots limited political freedoms and the freedom of worship and brought temporary civilian peace. Very unpopular in France among Catholics. Revoked by Louis XIV in 1685, leading to a massive emigration of French Huguenots.

20. Huguenots Converts or adherents to calvinism in France, including many from the French nobility wishing to challenge the authority of the Catholic monarch. Also known as French nobility wishing to challenge the authority of the Catholic monarch. Also known as French Protestants

21. Predestination John Calvin’s belief that at the beginning of time, God had preselected who among all people would be saved and have salvation, a group known as the “elect”. This group was expected to follow the highest moral standards and be completely dedicated to god’s wishes.

22. John Calvin SwSwiss leader of protestantism and advocate of predestination who created theocracies in swiss cantons. His ideas led to a large following in france, known collectively as the huguenots.

23. Diet of Worms Special imperial council in Worms, Germany, to which martin luther was summoned after his excommunication 1521. luther was order to abandon his revolutionary ideas, which he refused to do, so he was bansihed from the empire. Luther was then sheltered in saxony.

24. Priesthood of All Believers Luther’s revolutionary idea that every believer had the ability to read and interpret the bible, that all people of faith were viewed by god as equals. This challeneged the church’s position the priests had an exclusive ability to do so.

25. Justification of Faith Alone Luther’s ideas revolved around this central tenet that people were led to salvation only through inner faith in god, rather than by particpating in worldly ritual and good deeds.

26. John Wycliff Criticized the church and the corruption in its clergy in the 1300’s. challenged papal infallibity and called for the power of the clergy to be supplanted with the bible and individual interpretation of it by all catholics. Together with janhus he set the stage for the protestant reformetion.

27. Simony Practice of Roman catholic church in the middle ages wherein church leaders sold high church positions. This practice was used to gain power for sons who would not inherit family wealth and land because of birth order.

28. Johann Tetzel Monk who commissioned by Pope Leo X to raise money fo the Church and was snt throughout northern Germany to sell indulgencs (official ablutions for the purchase’s sins). This outraged Martin Luther and other critics of the Churh and played a role in the start of the Reformation.

29. Excommunication Refusal of the catholic church to administer the sacraments to a person

30. 95 Thesis Martin Luther’s list of complaints and reforms. He accused Johann Tetzel of wrongdoing in his selling of indulgences and asking people to pay for false promises of exoneration of their sins. Luther’s protests spread throughout Europe, igniting the Reformation.

31. The End END REVIEW