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Reformation

Reformation. Unit Eight – Part Two . Reformation Begins. Section One. Martin Luther. Born in Germany Became a monk and a teacher Believed that faith alone was the key to salvation Did not want to lead religious revolution. 95 Theses. Catholic Church sold indulgences

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Reformation

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  1. Reformation Unit Eight – Part Two

  2. Reformation Begins Section One

  3. Martin Luther • Born in Germany • Became a monk and a teacher • Believed that faith alone was the key to salvation • Did not want to lead religious revolution

  4. 95 Theses • Catholic Church sold indulgences INDULGENCE: pardon from the church that released a sinner from penalty for sin • In 1517, a friar named Johann Tetzel was selling indulgences with the impression it would help get people into heaven • Luther wrote his 95 Theses attacking the pardon-merchants and posted them on the church door • Actions began the Reformation REFORMATION: movement for religious reform • Led to the founding of Christian churches that did not accept the authority of the pope

  5. Luther’s Teachings Luther’s teachings rested on 3 main ideas: • People could win salvation only by faith; • All church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the bible; and, • All people with faith were equal – priests did not need to interpret the bible.

  6. Response to Luther • Luther’s ideas spread quickly • Pope excommunicated Luther • Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, declared him an outlaw and heretic • While in hiding, Luther translated the New Testament into German • By 1522, Luther and followers had become a separate religious group – known as Lutherans

  7. Luther’s Ideas in Society • Some began to apply Luther’s ideas to society • Peasants demanded an end to serfdom and revolted • Revolt horrified Luther • Many rejected Luther’s religious leadership after the revolt

  8. Protestantism • Northern German princes supported Lutheranism • In 1529 German princes loyal to the pope agreed to join against Luther • Princes who supported Luther signed a protest against that agreement • Protesting princes became known as Protestants PROTESTANT: all Christians who belong to non-Catholic churches

  9. Reformation Spreads Section Two

  10. English Beginnings • King Henry VIII of England does not have an heir • He and his wife, Catherine of Aragon, only have 1 child –Mary • Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherine and remarry • Church did not allow divorce • Henry asked Pope to annul his marriage, but Pope said no ANNUL: set aside

  11. Reformation Parliament • Henry asked Parliament to end Pope’s power in England • In 1533, Henry VIII secretly married Anne Boleyn • Parliament approved the Act of Supremacy ACT OF SUPREMACY: asked people to take oath accepting Henry as official head of England’s Church

  12. Consequences of Change • Anne Boleyn gave birth to a daughter, Elizabeth • Boleyn was charged with treason, imprisoned and then beheaded • In 1536, Henry VIII married his 3rd wife, Jane Seymour • Jane Seymour gave birth to a son, Edward, in 1537, but died 2 weeks later • Henry married 3 more times but had no more children

  13. Henry’s Heirs • After Henry’s death in 1547, each of 3 children ruled • Edward ruled 1547 to 1553 • Mary took the throne in 1553 and returned England to Catholic rule • Mary executed many Protestants • Known as “Bloody Mary” • Elizabeth began her reign in 1558 when Mary died and would rule until 1603

  14. Queen Elizabeth I • Returns England to Protestantism • Parliament officially created Anglican Church ANGLICAN CHURCH: Church of England • In the Anglican Church, priests can marry and services are in English • Elizabeth brought a level of religious peace to England

  15. The Reformation Continues Section Three

  16. John Calvin • Born in France in 1509 • Believed that men and women were sinful by nature and that God only saves some people PREDESTINATION: doctrine that God pre-decides who will be saved CALVINISM: religion based on John Calvin’s teachings

  17. Calvinism Spreads • Calvin believed that the ideal government was a theocracy THEOCRACY: gov’t controlled by religious leaders • Calvin and his followers ruled Geneva, Switzerland • In 1559, John Knox brought Calvin’s ideas to Scotland • Followers of Knox became known as Presbyterians • In France, Calvin’s followers were known as Huguenots

  18. Other Reformers • New Protestant groups formed over differences in belief • Anabaptists only baptized those old enough to decide on their own to be Christian • Women played a key role early in the movement • As the organizations became more formal, women’s roles were limited

  19. Catholic Reformation • Millions of Catholics worked to reform the Catholic Church • Ignatius of Loyola was a great reformer • In 1540, the pope made Ignatius’s followers into a religious order called the Society of Jesus JESUITS: members of the Society of Jesus • Jesuits worked to reform

  20. Legacy of the Reformation • Protestant churches flourished • Religion no longer united Europe • As Church’s power declined, individual monarchs and states gained power • Way was paved for modern nation-states • Through its political and social effects, Reformation helped set the stage for the modern world

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