Review for the Reading SOL

1. Review for the Reading SOL

2. Internal and External Conflict Internal conflict is a problem a character has within his/herself, such as making difficult decisions Example: Man vs. Self- Should I go to the party? Should I date that boy? Should I do my homework or hang with my friends? External conflict is a problem a character has with an outside force, such as another character Example: Man vs. Man- fighting Man vs. Nature- caught in tornado Man vs. Society- arrested by police Man vs. Supernatural- fighting a ghost

3. 5 different types of conflict Questions: What conflict is a character deciding to go to the store? What conflict is a character getting eaten by a bear? What conflict is a character being ganged up on by a sum of students? Man vs. Man- character struggles with another character Man vs. Self- character struggles with him/her self Man vs. Nature- character struggles with weather, animals, and environment Man vs. Society- character struggles with the community or a large group Man vs. Supernatural- character struggles with fictional beings such as ghosts, vampires, super heroes, or villains.

4. Plot, Exposition, Rising Action... Plot= sequence of events in the story Exposition= The very first event, initiating event that takes place in the story Ex: Cinderella’s dad dies, and she is stuck with her evil step sisters and mom Rising Action= all of the events and action that leads to the turning point or climax of the story Ex: Cinderella cleans, she hears about the ball, she gets a dress, it all gets ruined, her fairy godmother comes and dresses her so she can go to the ball

5. Climax, Falling Action, Resolution Climax= turning point, point of most action and highest emotion Ex: Cinderella goes to the ball, she is beautiful, dances with the prince, and they fall in love Falling Action= all the events that lead from the climax to the resolution Ex: Cinderella comes home, does her chores, gets locked in room, gets out to try on slipper, and it fits! Resolution: the solution or end of the story Ex: The prince marries Cinderella and they live happily ever after!

6. Protagonist and Antagonist Protagonist- is the main character in the book, usually the hero, or the good guy Antagonist- the main character opposite the good guy, usually the villain, or the bad guy who adds conflict

7. Dynamic Character- Think Dynamite! This is a character that changes in the story Dynamic and Static characters Example of Dynamic characters this year: Examples of Static characters this year: Static Character- Think Stays the same! This is a character that does not change in the story

8. Setting The setting is the time and place of the story. This includes: Time of day Day, Month, and Year Season Physical and geographical location like a house, building, state, country, etc. What was the setting of The Cay? What was the setting of Holes? What was the setting of The Outsiders?

9. Theme Theme= The lesson you learn from the story. DO NOT confuse this with main idea or plot. One book can have numerous themes What was one theme from The Cay? What was one theme from Holes? What was one theme from The Outsiders?

10. Main Idea Main idea of The Cay Main idea of Holes Main Idea of The Outsiders Main Idea is what the story is about. What is the story talking about, what is the main thing you are reading about?

11. Summary What is a summary for The Lion King? A summary is wrapping up the story in a few sentences. It is briefly stating what happened, and what the main idea was. DO NOT confuse this with main idea. The summary includes the main idea, but it also gives a short explanation of the plot and the theme.

12. Authors Purpose An author write for one of three reasons. To either entertain you, persuade you, or inform you. Entertain- the author is simply writing a story to entertain you, make you laugh, interest you; it’s all just for fun! Persuade- the author wants you to buy something. He may want you to buy or believe an idea, or physically buy or purchase an item. Inform- the author wants to educate you on some information. He wants to teach you facts!

13. First person point of view First person point of view is seeing the story from a first hand account, or through your own eyes. Someone telling what they experienced, using the pronouns I, ME, WE, MINE, MY is talking in first person! Examples: I went to the mall with MY friends yesterday! I was thinking that if I could just jump over MY hurdle, the prize would be MINE. WE went to the store together, and I bought some gum. Can I read MY book yet?

14. Second person point of view Second person point of view is very rare, but you need to know what it is! This is where the author is talking directly to you! He will use words such as YOU, YOUR. This is the case in News reports, commercials, and conversation. Examples: YOU need to seek shelter from the storm! If YOUR teeth hurt, YOU need to try Sensodine! YOUR time is limited if YOU want to buy this! YOU all need to be aware of the robber on the loose!

15. Third person limited point of view Examples: HE walked to the store with MICHAEL, who was thinking about Sally. THEY were having a great time, MICHAEL thought. SHE wanted to go with HIM, but THEY left without HER. In the end THEY all met up, and MICHAEL thought about making THEM cookies. Third person limited point of view is when the author talks about many characters, using pronouns such as HE, SHE, THEY, HIM, HER, etc. There is a catch though! In third person limited the author can only tell you the THOUGHTS of ONE character. That is why it is limited, because it is limited to one character!

16. Third person omniscient point of view Third person omniscient point of view is when the author is all-knowing. He/she is a godlike figure that can see into the thoughts of every character! Example: MARY and SAM went to the store and THEY both thinking that the walk there was taking forever! HE was thinking about buying cookies, and SHE was thinking about buying milk. BOTH of THEM thought that the prices would be cheaper, and THEY did not have enough money, so THEY went back home with no cookies!

17. Fact or Opinion Facts are true information that can be proven or backed up by fact Opinions are people’s own ideas, thoughts and beliefs. They are NOT proven facts, they are feelings! Examples of facts: Examples of Opinions:

18. Inferences Inferences are educated conclusions you make based on information that is Not directly stated in the text. Inferred knowledge is different from stated knowledge! Examples: John listened to the radio and grabbed his umbrella. What did he hear? Susie wanted to bake a cake so she went straight to the cookbook. What did she look for? What would you infer about the above picture?

19. Analogies Analogies are similarities between like features of two things. You need to find the relationship between the two items, to discover the relationship between the next set of items Examples: Grass is the green as sky is to _________ Referee is to football as umpire is to _____________ Quarter is to dollar as 25% is to ___________ Tree is to roots as gravestone is to ________________

20. Prefixes and Suffixes Prefixes are found at the beginning of words. These include but are not limited to: Re- do againBi- twoMono- oneCom- togetherDis- notEn- inEx- outInter- betweenPre- beforePost- afterUn- not Suffixes are found at the end of words. These include but are not limited to: Ism- the belief inOlogy- study ofOr/Er- one who takes part inIte- one connected withSis- condition ofPhobia- fear ofY- state of

21. Root Words You can determine the meaning of a word if you know what the root of that word means. Root words are words or parts of words that are simply found within big words. If you figure out the meaning of the root, you may be able to figure out the meaning of the word. Here are some examples of root words! Examples of ONLY A root words annel ring antho-, -anth flower anthro-, anthropo- human anti- against, opposed to ante-, antero- before, forward apo- away from, separation aqua water arachn- spider arch-, archaeo- ancient, beginning arthro- joint, jointed arteri- artery -ase an enzyme -asis, -osis state of, condition of aster, astro- star atmo- breath audi-, audio- hear auto- self aux- grow, enlarge a- or an- without, lack of, not ab- away from acro- height, extremity acu- needle, sharp ad- toward, near, on aer-, aero- air albu- white alg-, -algia pain allo- different alveol- a cavity ambi-, amphi- both amyl- starch ana- up, back, or apart anemo wind, moving air

22. Transition Words Words or phrases that connect thoughts, ideas, and sentences. They are words we use to help the sentences flow together. Contrast and Comparison:contrast, by the same token, conversely, instead, likewise,on one hand, on the other hand, on the contrary, rather,similarly, yet, but, however, still, nevertheless, in contrast Addition:also, again, as well as, besides, coupled with, furthermore, in addition, likewise, moreover, similarly Sequence:at first, first of all, to begin with, in the first place, at the same time,for now, for the time being, the next step, in time, in turn, later on,meanwhile, next, then, soon, the meantime, later, while, earlier,simultaneously, afterward, in conclusion, with this in mind, Consequence:accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, for this purpose, hence, otherwise, so then, subsequently, therefore, thus, thereupon, wherefore

23. Simile and Metaphor A simile is a comparison using like or as A metaphor is a comparison without using like or as Examples of similes: He was as white as a ghostShe was like a fast cheetahThey were as slow as a turtleShe was like a flower dancing in the wind Examples of metaphors: He was a white ghostShe was a fast cheetahThey were slow turtlesShe was a flower dancing in the wind

24. Personification and Hyperbole Personification is giving human characteristics to non human things. Example:The sun smiledThe shark dancedThe cloud ate the starsThe cars talked Hyperbole is an extreme exaggeration. Example:I could have slept a million yearsI am so hungry I could eat a horseI’ve told you that a thousand times

25. Dialogue and Dialect Dialogue is the conversation that takes place between two of more characters in the book. Dialect is the variety of speech from one area to another. It is the way people talk in different regions. Example:“Hey Sally,” Roger said. “Hey Roger,” Sally replied. “What are you doing tonight?” Sally smiled, “going out with you of course!” Example:People in Virginia might say, “hey ya’ll” while people in New York might say, “Hey all of you!” but they both mean the same thing.

26. Flashback and Foreshadowing Flashback is when the story goes back in time to an event that has already happened. The author will show you information that has already occurred in the past to make it easier to understand what is going on in the present. Example of Flashback in the books we’ve read: Foreshadowing is using hints or clues to show what may happen later in the story. The author uses foreshadowing to help the reader predict what may happen later on, based on clues in the beginning. Example of Foreshadowing in the books we’ve read:

27. Onomatopoeia and Imagery Imagery is descriptive language. It is anything you can see, smell, taste, hear, or touch. When you use descriptive language or imagery you are using adjectives, or describing words! Onomatopoeia are sound words. There are words that make the sounds that they are spelled like. For example: Bang sounds like when something bangs. And clunk sounds like the noise when something clunks. What are some more onomatopoeias?

28. Irony and Symbolism Symbolism is when something stands for or represents something other than itself. Example: the statue of liberty represents freedom A sticker on a test may symbolize a job well done! Irony is when the opposite of what you expect to happen happens. Example: A man wins the lottery and then dies because he was allergic to the scratch off ticket he won with A driving instructor becomes injured when he drives poorly into a tree.

29. Alliteration and Assonance Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. Example: Sleep with your feet up. Alliteration is the repetition of consonant sounds. Example: My mother made me mashed potatoes. Ted tries tumbling near a tree

30. Repetition and Idioms Idioms are phrases that are not meant to be taken literally. To be broke means you have no money To be a pain in the neck means to be annoying, not literally have an ache in your neck To drive someone bananas means to drive them crazy, not literally drive a truck with bananas. Repetition is saying the same words or phrases over and over again. Example:Eat it, eat it! “Wow,” Jimmy said, “Wow, that was great!”

31. Parts of Speech There are 8 Parts of Speech: Noun-person, place, and thingPronoun- takes the place of a nounVerb- action wordAdverb- describes a verbAdjective- describes a nounPreposition- anywhere you can goInterjection- an interruption in speechConjunction- words that combine thoughts together Give an example of all of the above parts of speech

32. Context Clues Context clues are words or phrases that may help you figure out what other words of phrases may mean. Example: The river was full of noxious materials such as cleaning agents from factories and pesticides from the nearby farms. This third grade was full of precocious children. One child had learned to read at age 2 and another could do algebra at age 6. When going to an office party you should show your best decorum, for example, dress your best, drink and eat moderately, and be sure to thank the host before you leave. Definition of noxious-Definition of precocious- Definition of decorum-

33. Study Techniques Tell me what these all mean… Slash- Plug- Jail- Zap- Keep- Whiz- Slick- Extra- Snooze- Check- Slash the trash!Plug it in, Plug it in!Jail the detail!Zap the map!Keep on keeping on!Be a whiz with the grid!Be slick and predict!Extra extra read all about it!If you snooze, you will lose!Check it out!

34. Test Taking Skills Tips on answering multiple choice questions **Read the question before you look at the answer. **Come up with the answer in your head before looking at the possible answers, this way the choices given on the test won't throw you off or trick you. **Eliminate answers you know aren't right. **Read all the choices before choosing your answer. **Don't keep on changing your answer, usually your first choice is the right one, unless you misread the question. **In "All of the above" and "None of the above" choices, if you are certain one of the statements is true don't choose "None of the above" or one of the statements are false don't choose "All of the above". **In a question with an "All of the above" choice, if you see that at least two correct statements, then "All of the above" is probably the answer. **A positive choice is more likely to be true than a negative one. **Usually the correct answer is the choice with the most information.

35. What I'm going to do the night before the test... Study my note cards Review my test taking skills and strategies Call a friend and quiz them on five note cards Go to bed at an early hour, I need plenty of sleep

36. What I'm going to do the day of the test Wake up five minutes early so I am not rushing to get to school on time Eat a good breakfast, so I have some brain food to keep me going Look over my note cards Be sure to check over my answers on the test, and take my time Use my test taking skills, and choose the BEST answer