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Ch. 11 The Protestant Reformation

Ch. 11 The Protestant Reformation. Causes of Religious Shift. The Great Schism- Tow different religious popes (Clement VII and Urban VI) claimed authority over the catholic church Conflict not resolved until the Council of Constance in 1414 Resulted in weakening church unity

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Ch. 11 The Protestant Reformation

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  1. Ch. 11 The Protestant Reformation

  2. Causes of Religious Shift • The Great Schism- Tow different religious popes (Clement VII and Urban VI) claimed authority over the catholic church • Conflict not resolved until the Council of Constance in 1414 • Resulted in weakening church unity • Sales of Indulgences, nepotism, and simony. • Every day practices that angered protestants because not spiritually sound • Clerical Immorality and absenteeism: Protestants were alienated by these conditions • Humanism: The rise of scholarship during Renaissance, and humanist interest in returning classical texts made the study of and access to the Bible greater importance

  3. Protestant Leaders • Martin Luther (1483-1546) - was a German theologian who was discontented with the medieval Christian traditions that god required perfect righteousness for salvation • Luther argued on the behalf of “justification by faith alone” whereby grace was given freely to those who believed in Jesus Christ • In 1517 Luther famously attacked the Catholic system of indulgences promoted by preachers like John Tetzel in his 95 theses on the door of the church in Wittenberg • Condemned to heresy in 1520, he was hid in a castle where he translated the New Testament into German (Erasmus greek translation)

  4. Protestant Leaders cont. • Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) headed the Reformation in Switzerland. He opposed to the sale of indulgences and religious superstition • He successfully petitioned for the end to clerical celibacy and the clerical right to marry, which is adopted by all protestant groups • Zwingli believed that anything that lacked literal support in scripture was not to be believed • He questioned traditional behaviors: fasting, adoration of saints, pilgrimages, and other sacraments • His beliefs translated into a regime of harsh discipline in Zurich and made Switzerland and example of puritanical Protestantism. • Disagreed with Luther in Famous Marburg Colloquy (1529) over the presence of Christ’s body in the Eucharist

  5. Protestant Leaders Cont • John Calvin was the leader of the Calvanistswho believed in divine predestination or the concept of the “elect • the individual’s duty to reform society according to God’s plan • Calvin’s institutions of Christian Religion is a theological statement of the protestant faith • Calvin believed in the unity of Church and State • Stressed the sovereignty of God over all creation • He led a theocracy in Geneva

  6. The English Reformation • Ideas didn’t take hold until the 16th century • Martin Bucer- a Strasburg reformer who influenced Calvin • was forced to exile during Augsburg Interim • helped draft the religious texts of the English reformation • William Tyndale (1492-1536) and Sir Thomas More (1478-1535) • Chief minister to Henry VIII • Guided the royal response to English Protestanism • Henry VIII (1509-1547) • Married Catherine of Aragon, who did not produce a male heir, • He converted himself to Anglicanism in order to divorce Catherine and marry Anne Boleyn

  7. The English Reformation cont • Thomas Cramer (1489- 1556) and Thomas Cromwell (1485-1540) • Sympathizers who helped Henry VIII declare himself supreme ruler over English affairs • Enabled Henry VIII to take charge of Church of England and put an end to Catholic interferences and his policies • Edward VI (1547-1553) Henry’s son • Presided over the flourishing Protestantism in England • Oversaw all vestiges of Catholicism and removed from churches and English life

  8. The Counter Reformation • The Society of Jesus- the new order of Jesuits • Organized by Ignatius of Loyola in the 1530s • Loyola's spiritual exercises embodied a program of spiritual disciplines that encouraged believers to transform themselves through discipline and practice • The Council of Trent (1545-1563) result of Emperor Charles V to assert pope Paul to reassert church doctrine • Was attended predominantly by Italians • The council made reforms in internal Church affairs (including restricting the selling of church offices and relics) • Strengthen authority of local bishops • Required new rules requiring them to reside in their dioceses • Required to be visible and accessible to their congregation

  9. A Quick Video • http://www.history.com/topics/reformation

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