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Toward A New Century

Toward A New Century. NCSCOS Goal 12. Election of 1992. -post Gulf war recession Americans more concerned with paychecks than foreign policy - George Bush (Republican) Seems out of touch with average American - Bill Clinton (Democrat)

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Toward A New Century

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  1. Toward A New Century NCSCOS Goal 12

  2. Election of 1992 -post Gulf war recession Americans more concerned with paychecks than foreign policy -George Bush (Republican) Seems out of touch with average American -Bill Clinton (Democrat) New Democrat: spend money on citizens, while reforming welfare and aiding private business -Ross Perot (Reform Party) Third party candidate who takes votes from Bush -economy was the main point of the campaign Bill Clinton Wins 1992 Election After the US victory in the Persian Gulf War, George Bush’s popularity had soared to an 88 % approval rating. In early 1992, however, his approval had declined to 44% as the worsening recession reduced American incomes and increased unemployment. In his run for reelection, Bush tried to appeal to voters on the basis of his foreign policy triumphs, but voters cared more about their pocketbooks. He could not convince the public that he had a clear strategy to end the recession and create jobs.

  3. Clinton focused on the economy in his campaign, using the slogan “It’s the economy, stupid.” He proposed increasing government spending on the nation’s infrastructure, cutting taxes for the middle class, modifying the welfare system, and balancing the budget by reducing the size of the federal government. Third Party candidate, Ross Perot, also emphasized the economy. The Texas billionaire and most significant third party candidate since the Bull Moose Party under Teddy Roosevelt, targeted the budget deficit as the nation’s number-one problem and became a fixture on radio and television. Perot declared, “It’s time to take out the trash and clean up the barn.” Following months of constant television advertising and campaigning, Clinton won with 43% of the popular vote – the smallest winning percentage since Woodrow Wilson in 1912.

  4. A “New Democrat”: 1992-2000 • Arkansas Gov. • Working class, single parent household • Charismatic • Sexual issues… • Opposed Vietnam War • New Democrat • Fiscally conservative • Socially moderate • Multilateralism

  5. 1992 Election

  6. Election of 1992 • President Bush ran for reelection against Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton and Texas billionaire H. Ross Perot • After Persian Gulf War, President Bush’s approval rating is 91% • By November 1992, approval rating is in the 40% range • Recession • President Bush raised taxes despite 1988 campaign pledge not to

  7. Health Care Reform • Clinton tried to pass universal health care bill for every American • Hillary Clinton his wife was to head up task force • Was attacked by Republicans as being to costly • Plan failed to pass

  8. S Somalia 1992

  9. Somalia • Operation Restore Hope, initiated by Bush in Dec ’92, sent troops in a humanitarian mission in civil war-torn Somalia. Control of the country was splintered by rival warlords, and refugees were starving. • After the situation was “stabilized”, the mission changed to restoring peace and democracy. However, not all factions were willing to give up their power. • After 19 Americans died in the Battle of Mogadishu in Oct ’93(Black Hawk Down), Pres. Clinton ordered all US troops removed from Somalia.

  10. Clinton Major Legislation • Don’t ask Don’t tell- allowed dismissal if discovered • Brady Bill- 5 day waiting period plus back ground check to purchase handgun • Family Medical Leave Act- allows workers to take leave from work for childbirth or take care of sick family member • Defense of Marriage Act- allowed states to ignore same-sex unions

  11. Terrorism • Al Qaeda formed in 1989 • First World Trade Center Bombing on February 26, 1993 • Bombing of the US Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in August 1998 • USS Cole in 2000 • Domestic Terrorism- Bombing of the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City-April 19, 1995

  12. Oklahoma City Bombing • April 19, 1995, 168 people killed in the bombing of the Alfred Murrah federal building • Done in retaliation of the Branch Davidians standoff • Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols were responsible • Brought home to all Americans the dangers of domestic terrorism

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  14. Columbine • April 20, 1999 2 students in Littleton Colorado killed 13 people and wounded 30 others • Deadliest school attack in US history

  15. NAFTA • North American Free Trade Agreement • Free trade between Mexico, Canada and • U.S. • Eliminates or reduced tariffs • Goal was to improve productivity and living • standards

  16. The North American Free Trade Agreement lowered tariffs and brought Mexico into the free-trade zone. Critics argued that the agreement would weaken environmental regulations and cause more American jobs to be lost to foreign nations. Supporters believed that the agreement would strengthen all the economies involved and bring more jobs to the US as more goods were sold in Mexico. Trade with Mexico skyrocketed, but the effect of the agreement on US jobs and the environment are inconclusive.

  17. Contract with America • Republicans offered voters a Contract with America • By Georgia Representative Newt Gingrich • Wanted to reduce the size of the federal government • Promised an all-out assault on budget deficit and radical reductions in welfare programs • Hoped for tax relief, stricter immigration laws, welfare reform, and tougher crime laws • Republicans won: 11 new governorships, 8 seats in the Senate, 53 seats in the House • Giving Republicans control of both houses for the first time in 40 years • Republicans overplayed their mandate for conservative retrenchment

  18. Welfare Reform Bill • In 1996 a major conservative victory was the Welfare Reform Bill: • Signed by a reluctant Clinton • Made deep cuts in welfare grants • Provided time limits how long individuals could collect • Required able-bodied welfare recipients to find employment • Tightly restricted welfare benefits for legal and illegal immigrants • Reflecting a rising tide of anti-immigrant sentiment • Old-line liberal Democrats howled at the president’s betrayal of his party’s heritage

  19. Balanced Budget • Clinton and Republicans clash over budget, refuse to compromise • Federal Govt. shuts down for several weeks • Eventually agree • Federal budget surplus, used to pay off debt • Unemployment drops, stocks soar, tax revenue rises • Helped Clinton win re-election

  20. C Clinton’s Problems -Scandals -Whitewater Investment Issue Accused of improperly using money from a land deal in his campaign for governor in 1984 -Impeachment Personal Scandal Affair with Monica Lewinsky Allegations of perjury Lied about affair under oath Impeachment (For perjury and obstruction of justice) Was acquitted

  21. Clinton’s impeachment • Monica and Impeachment – “ I did not have sexual relations with that woman” • Impeachment charge – The two charges passed in the House (largely on the basis of Republican support but with a handful of Democratic votes as well) were for perjury and obstruction of justice. The perjury charge arose from Clinton's testimony about his relationship to Monica Lewinsky during a sexual harassment lawsuit (later dismissed, appealed and settled for $850,000brought by former Arkansas-state employee Paula Jones. The obstruction charge was based on his actions during the subsequent investigation of that testimony. • The Senate later voted to acquit Clinton on both charges.

  22. World Involvement In Kosovo in 1999, between 10,000 and 12,000 ethnic Albanians were killed, most by Serbs participating in Ethnic Cleansing. The movement was led by Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic . Over 3,000 Albanians are still missing. -Balkans (Yugoslavia) ethnic cleansingreported in Kosovo, Bosnia • Serbians killing and expelling Albanians from their homes • US launched air strikes on Serbia and US troops stationed in areas to keep peace -Haiti prevent dictatorship -Israel and the PLO Middle East Peace • Peace between Palestinian Liberation Organization (led my Yasir Arafat) and Israel • Concerned the Gaza Strip and the West Bank • Later agreements would fail and more violence would result

  23. Modern Agenda Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak , the inventors of the first Apple computer. (left) Dolly the sheep was the first cloned mammal from an adult cell. (bottom) -Global economy America trades with the rest of the world -medical coverage for all Attempted but failed -welfare reforms Time limits added -balanced budgets -technology and communications -computer age Microsoft, Internet -Genetics DNA testing, cloning, gene therapy, embryonic testing -environmental concerns air quality, acid rain, global warming, recycling

  24. Immigration Concerns -Highest immigration rates since turn of century Mainly Hispanic and Asian immigrants -possible strain on economy and infrastructure Jobs, taxes, government benefits -illegal aliens 8.7 million illegal immigrants in 2003 -Proposition 187 in California Cut all education and non-emergency health benefits to illegal immigrants Law ruled unconstitutional -possible security concerns after 9/11 Specifically concerned about immigrants from the Middle East The 2000 census indicated that if current trends continue, by 2050 Latinos will become the nation’s largest minority community overall. More than 2,000 legal and 4,000-10,000 illegal immigrants arrive each day. About 4,000 of the illegal are deported shortly after arrival.

  25. Election of 2000 -Al Gore(Democrat, Clinton VP) -George W. Bush(Republican) -very close election Florida was the deciding vote -Bush wins electoral vote but Gore wins popular vote -Florida votes disputed Votes so close, leads to automatic recount Gore demands manual recount Republicans sue to stop recount Gore v Bush -Supreme Court rules first Florida results as final because no set standard of judging votes can be set. Following the 2000 election, Bush tried to bring the nation together, declaring, “I was not elected to serve one party but to serve one nation. Whether you voted for me or not, I will do my best to serve your interests. Following the September 11, 2001 tragedy, the nation did come together and Bush’s approval rating went to 80%.

  26. Election of 2000

  27. The Aftermath…. • Close election in Florida • Bush lead pop vote in FL, Gore wanted recount in 4 Democratic counties • Ballot irregularities, inaccurate registration, incomplete lists, old voting machines, butterfly ballots, hanging chads • Katherine Harris (R-Sec State & manager of Bush campaign in FL) refused recount, declared Bush winner • Florida Supreme Court approved recount • Bush appealed to U.S. Supreme Court • 5-4 Court supported Bush and ruled against it • Gore won national popular vote • Bush won electoral college vote (Mainly because all ballots were not counted in FL, he kept the 27 electoral votes)

  28. Election of 2000 • George W. Bush vs. Al Gore • Florida • Bush v. Gore (2000) ends the recount in Florida • Bush-271 electoral votes, Gore-267 • 4th time in our history that a candidate won the popular vote but lost in The Electoral College

  29. America’s Changes On September 11, 2001, nineteen hijackers and 2,974 other people died as an immediate result of the attacks. Another 24 people are missing and presumed dead. -September 11, 2001 -Terrorists attack the World Trade Center, Pentagon -Four planes are hijacked and used as weapons -Osama Bin Laden leads the Al Qaeda terrorist group which carried out the attacks -War in Afghanistan Afghanistan government harboring Al Qaeda US broke up Al Qaeda and Afghanistan held free elections -Homeland Security Concerns • Created Department of Homeland Security • Patriot Act Expanded the powers of the federal government in order to fight terrorism In an effort to end terrorism, the President and Congress passed the Patriot Act. Among its provisions, it increased the ability of law enforcement agencies to search telephone and e-mail communications and medical, financial and other records; eased restrictions on foreign intelligence gathering within the United States; and enhanced the discretion of law enforcement and immigration authorities in detaining and deporting immigrants suspected of terrorism-related acts.

  30. Terrorism Comes to America • On September 11, 2001, the long era of America’s impregnable national security violently ended • Suicidal terrorists slammed two hijacked airliners, loaded with passengers and jet fuel, into the twin towers of New York City’s World Trade Center • They flew a third plane into the military nerve center of the Pentagon, near Washington, D.C., killing 189 • Heroic passengers forced a fourth hijacked aircraft to crash in rural Pennsylvania, killing all 44 aboard

  31. Terrorism Comes to America • As the two skyscrapers collapsed, some 3,000 innocent victims perished • The face of the catastrophic terrorism of 9/11 • Bush responded to the Congress nine days later: • He emphasized his respect for the Islamic religion and Muslim people • He identified the principal enemy as Osama bin Laden, head of a shadowy terrorist network known as Al Qaeda (“the base” in Arabic) • Wealthy extremist exiled from his native Saudi Arabia • Associated with attacks on American embassies in East Africa and on the USS Cole in Yemen • Taken refuge in landlocked Afghanistan, ruled by Islamic fundamentalists called the Taliban

  32. IX. Terrorism Comes to America(cont.) • Bin Laden harbored venomous resentment toward the United States for its growing military presence in the Middle East • And because of its unyielding support for Israel in the face of intensifying Palestinian nationalism • He fed on worldwide resentment of America’s enormous economic, military and cultural power • When the Taliban refused to turn over Bin Laden, Bush ordered a massive military campaign against Afghanistan • Within three months American and Afghan rebel forces had overthrown the Taliban • Congress in October 2001 passed the USA Patriot Act • The act permitted extensive telephone and e-mail surveil- lance and authorized the detention of immigrants suspected of terrorism.

  33. Terrorism Comes to America • In 2002 Congress created the new cabinet Department of Homeland Security: • To protect the nation’s borders • Ferret out potential attackers • The Justice Department: • Rounded up hundreds of immigrants and held them without habeas corpus (formal charges in an open court) • Bush called for trying suspected terrorists before military tribunals, where the usual rules of evidence and procedure did not apply.

  34. IX. Terrorism Comes to America(cont.) • Guantanamo Detention Camp: • Located on the American military base at Guantanamo, Cuba • Place where hundreds of Taliban fighters from Afghanistan languished in legal limbo and demoralizing isolation. • Catastrophic terrorism posed an unprecedented challenge to the United States • Americans once enjoyed virtually cost-free national security that undergirded the values of openness and individual freedom that defined the distinctive character of American society • Now American security and American liberty alike were dangerously imperiled.

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  36. “Thousands of lives were suddenly ended by evil, despicable acts of terror. The pictures of airplanes flying into buildings, fires burning, huge structures collapsing, have filled us with disbelief, terrible sadness and a quiet, unyielding anger.” - George Bush -

  37. British Prime Minister Tony Blair on September 11, 2001 “America has its faults, as we have ours. But I think of the Union of America born out of the defeat of slavery. I think of its Constitution, with its inalienable rights granted to every citizen still a model for the world. I think of a black man, born in poverty, who became the chief of their armed forces and is now secretary of state Colin Powell and I wonder frankly whether such a thing could have happened there. I think of the Statue of Liberty and how many refugees, migrants and the impoverished passed its light and felt that if not for them, for their children, a new world could indeed be theirs. I think of a country where people who do well, don’t have questions asked about their accent, their class, their beginnings but have admiration for what they have done and the success they achieved. I think of those New Yorkers I met, still in shock, but resolute; the firefighters and police, mourning their comrades but still head held high.”

  38. Bush Domestic Agenda • 2001 tax cuts for 11years • Instant rebates for all taxpayers • Hope will strengthen economy • Democrats say will benefit rich • No child Left Behind • Nationwide testing of reading and math • Close the gaps in achievement level • Failing schools must provide tutoring or • Transportation to other schools

  39. Post 9/11 America -Stock Market boom of the 1990’s has ended -Interest rates have been at lowest level in years -Corporate Scandals Example: Enron Scandal - Insider Trading -War on Terrorism Axis of Evil- Iran, Iraq and North Korea - Iraq Believed to have weapons of mass destruction Overthrew and captured Hussein, set up democratic government, and wrote new constitution - Debates over the war effort Terrorist groups causing high death toll for US soldiers keeping the peace - Continued budget deficits

  40. Bush Takes the Offensive Against Iraq • Bush warned that the United States would not tolerate Iraq’s defiance of UN weapons inspections • Saddam Hussein expelled the inspectors from Iraq in 1998 • President Clinton had declared that Saddam’s removal (“regime change”) was an official goal of U.S. Policy • The Bush administration focused on Iraq with a vengeance • He claimed that Iraq, Iran, and North Korea constitu- ted an “axis of evil” that gravely menaced American security

  41. Bush Takes the Offensive Against Iraq • Saddam Hussein became the principal object of Bush’s wrath • Bush was willing to wage a preemptive war with Iraq • Bush began laying plans for a war • He accused Hussein and the Iraqi regime of all manner of wrongdoing: • Oppressing its own people • Frustrating the weapons inspectors • Developing nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons of mass destruction (“WMD”) • Supporting terrorist organizations • Suggested that a liberated, democratized Iraq might • Provide a beacon of hope to the Islamic world • Begin to improve the political situation in Middle East.

  42. Bush Takes the Offensive Against Iraq • Secretary of State Colin Powell was more cautious • “You break it, you own it” • Congress passed a resolution authorizing the presi- dent to employ armed forces to defend against Iraqi threats to Americans’ security • To enforce United Nations resolutions regarding Iraq. • United Nations voted to give Iraq “a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations.” • On March 19, 2003, Bush, with only Britain (?), launched the long-anticipated invasion of Iraq • Denmark, Australia, Poland, Spain, Portugal participated • Less than a month later, Baghdad had fallen and Saddam was driven from power, hounded into hiding

  43. Bush Takes the Offensive Against Iraq • Saddam was found and arrested nine months later and executed in 2006. • Bush on an U.S. aircraft carrier spoke under a banner declaring “Mission Accomplished.” • Bush announced on May 1, 2003, that “major combat operations in Iraq have ended

  44. Owning Iraq • Post-Saddam Iraq devolved into a seething cauldron of violence • Sunni and Shia Muslims clashed violently, especially in Baghdad • Both groups attacked American forces • Especially after the U.S. decision to disband the Iraqi army • Local insurgency spread and occupied Iraq which was even more perilous for American troops • Hatred for Americans only worsened: • With the revelations in April 2004 of Iraqi prisoners tortured and humiliated at the Abu Ghraib prison.

  45. Owning Iraq • Al Qaeda moved in afterward • Three battles: • Shia-Sunni ethnic violence • Counter-occupation insurgency • Jihadist terrorism: • Fed a spiraling maelstrom of bloodshed • By the end of 2006, more Americans had died in Iraq than in the attack of September 11 (see pp: 980-981) • Almost from the outset of the intervention, American forces began preparing to withdraw

  46. Owning Iraq • The American military ceded political power and limited sovereignty to an interim Iraqi government • National elections followed in early 2005 • Millions of Iraqis voted for a national assembly to draft a constitution • Followed by a referendum vote on the constitution in October 2005 • Elections for choosing parliamentary representatives, a president, and prime minister • Under Iraq’s new democratic government were deep violent tensions.

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  48. Reelecting George W. Bush • Divided twenty-first century America: • Civil libertarians concerned about government trampling on personal freedom • Corporate fraud fed rampant popular disillusion with the business community • Cultural tensions over the rights of gays and lesbians • Affirmative action sparked sharp debate when the Supreme Court permitted preferential treatment in admitting minority undergraduate and law students-University of Michigan, 2003.

  49. Reelecting George W. Bush • Bush positioned himself for running for a second term: • Proclaimed tax cuts had spurred economic growth • Championed the No Child Left Behind Act (2002) • Mandated sanctions against schools that failed to meet federal performance standards • Played to (?) cultural conservatives: • In opposing stem cell research • Called for a constitutional amendment to ban gay marriage

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