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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. BLOOD HEART BLOOD VESSELS. BLOOD. Chapter 17. Hematology =the study of blood. Click Here For a Blood Tutorial. CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD. Liquid connective tissue 4-5 times more viscous than water Slightly alkaline Warmer than body temperature

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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

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  1. CARDIOVASCULARSYSTEM BLOOD HEART BLOOD VESSELS

  2. BLOOD Chapter 17

  3. Hematology=the study of blood Click Here For a Blood Tutorial

  4. CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD • Liquid connective tissue • 4-5 times more viscous than water • Slightly alkaline • Warmer than body temperature • Volume is 4-6 liters • Men=5-6 L • Women=4-5 L • Salt concentration of .85-.90%

  5. CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD • Heterogeneous mixture • Non-living matrix called PLASMA (55%) • Formed elements (45%)

  6. PLASMA

  7. FORMED ELEMENTS • Erythrocytes= red blood cells (RBC) • Leukocytes= white blood cells (WBC) • Thrombocytes= platelets

  8. Distribution Oxygen and carbon dioxide Hormones Wastes Protection Clotting mechanisms Phagocytosis and antibody production Regulation pH Body temperature Fluid and electrolyte balance FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD

  9. ERYTHROCYTE • CHARACTERISTICS • Most numerous formed element with (4.8 to 5.4 million per mm3) • Very flexible • No nucleus • Biconcave disk • Life span about 120 days • Contains hemoglobin

  10. HEMOGLOBIN=Transport Pigment • Oxyhemoglobin • Deoxyhemoglobin • Carbaminohemoglobin

  11. Hemoglobin values: • Measured in grams per milliliter • 14 – 20 g/100 ml in infants • 13 – 18 g/100 ml in adult males • 12 – 16 g/100 ml in adult females

  12. ERYTHROPOIESIS =PRODUCTION OF RBC OCCURS IN THE RED BONE MARROW OF FLAT BONES AND IN SOME LONG BONES

  13. Regulation of Erythropoiesis • Hormonal Controls • Erythropoietin • RBC and Hemoglobin amounts • Availability of oxygen • Dietary Controls • Adequate amino acids, lipids, and carbs • Iron • Vitamin B12 and folic acid

  14. Regulation of Erythropoiesis

  15. Life Cycle of Erythrocytes

  16. ANEMIA Insufficient #of RBCs Hemorrhagic anemia Hemolytic anemia Aplastic anemia Low hemoglobin Pernicious anemia - macrocytes Iron deficiency - microcytes Abnormal hemoglobin Thalassemia Sickle cell Anemia POLYCYTHEMIA Primary polycythemia Secondary polycythemia ERYTHROCYTE DISORDERS

  17. Erythrocyte Disorder

  18. HEMATOCRIT • 47% +/- 5% in males • 45% +/- 5% in females

  19. LEUKOCYTES • CHARACTERISTICS • Less numerous than RBC (less than 1% of blood with normal range of 4800 – 10,800 WBC/ml) • Critical defense cells of the body • Distinct nuclei present • Capable of diapedesis • Demonstrate positive chemotaxis • Lack hemoglobin

  20. TYPES OFLEUKOCYTES • GRANULOCYTES • Neutrophils (PMNs) • Eosinophils • Basophils • Agranulocytes • Lymphocytes • Monocytes

  21. TYPES OF LEUKOCYTES

  22. Mnemonic Devices: • Granulated versus agranulated • “Every Boy Needs Mommies Love!” • Relative Quantitates • “Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas!”

  23. LEUKOPOIESIS

  24. LEUKOCYTE IMBALANCES • Leukocytosis (amounts greater than 11,000 WBC/ml) • Leukopenia (amounts less than 4,000 WBC/ml) • Leukemia • Acute leukemia • Chronic leukemia • Infectious Mononucleosis = kissing disease

  25. THROMBOCYTES • CHARACTERISTICS • Involved in hemostasis • Less than half the size of RBC • Numerous (250,000-400,000 per ml3) • Actually cell fragments rather than true cells • Life span is about 5-9 days

  26. FORMATION OF PLATELETS Regulated by thrombopoietin

  27. STAGES OF BLOOD CLOTTING • Step 1: Vascular spasms • Endothelin • Serotonin • Step 2: Formation of a platelet plug • ADP • Serotonin • Thromboxane A2 • von Willebrand factor

  28. STEP 3: COAGULATION • Phase 1: Formation of prothrombinase (also known as prothrombin activator) • Phase 2: Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin • Phase 3: Conversion of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin

  29. Phase 1: Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Pathways

  30. Phase 2 and 3:

  31. CLOTTING FACTORS

  32. Hemostasis Continued • Clot Retraction • Also known as Syneresis • Serum (plasma minus clotting factors) • Repair: PDGF • Stimulates smooth muscle and fibroblast cells to divide and rebuild the wall • Fibrinolysis • Plasmin = “clot buster”

  33. Factors Effecting Clot Formation • Normal coagulation: • Normal platelet #s • ALL clotting factors • Vitamin K • Calcium ions • TF and PF3

  34. Preventing Undesirable Clotting • Nitric oxide • Prostacyclin (a prostoglandin) • Vitamin E quinone • Heparin • Anti-prothrombin III and Protein C

  35. PLATELET DISORDERS • Thrombus • Embolus • Hemophilia • Thrombocytopenia • Impaired liver function • Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

  36. Effects of Drugs on Clotting • Aspirin = antiprostaglandin that inhibits thromboxane A2 • Heparin = natural anticoagulant produced by basophils and mast cells that inhibits thrombin by enhancing the activity of antithrombin III • Warfarin = (a.k.a. Coumadin) interfers with the action of vitamin K

  37. Summary of Formed Elements

  38. Summary of Formed Elements

  39. BLOOD TYPING • Blood types are base on the presence of agglutinogens (antigens) present on the red blood cell surface. • Also, based on presence of agglutinins (antibodies) in the plasma. • The ABO and Rh systems are based on antigen-antibody type interactions.

  40. ABO BLOOD GROUPS

  41. BLOOD TYPES

  42. Rhesus Factor

  43. BLOOD GROUPS

  44. Type O 45% Type A 42% Type B 10% Type AB 3%

  45. ABO BLOOD TYPING

  46. BLOOD TYPE TUTORIAL TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

  47. BLOOD GROUPING DISORDERS • Transfusion Reaction

  48. BLOOD GROUPING DISORDERS • Erythroblastosisfetalis

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