The Muslim World Expands, 1300-1700

1. The Muslim World Expands, 1300-1700 Three great Muslim powers—the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires—emerge between 1300 and 1600. By 1700 all three were in decline.

2. The Muslim World Expands, 1300-1700 SECTION 1 The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 2 CASE STUDY: Cultural Blending SECTION 3 The Mughal Empire in India SECTION 3

3. Section-1 The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire The Ottomans establish a Muslim empire that combine many cultures and lasted for more than 600 years.

4. Section-1 The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire Turks Move into Byzantium • Turkish Warriors • Many Turks live in Anatolia, on edge of Byzantine Empire • Many see themselves as ghazis—warriors who fight for Islam • Osman Establishes a State • From 1300 to 1326, Osman, successful ghazi, builds state in Anatolia • Europeans call him Othman and followers Ottomans • Ottomans win battles because they use muskets and cannons • Successors expand state through alliances and land buying Continued…

5. Turks Move into Byzantium{continued} • Osman Establishes a State • Orkhan, Osman’s son, declares himself sultan—overlord • In 1361, Turks conquer Adrianople • Ottomans rule fairly over conquered peoples • Timur the Lame Halts Expansion • Timur the Lame—Tamerlane—rises to power in Central Asia • Timur defeats Ottomans in 1402, burning Baghdad

6. Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion • Murad II • Murad II begins expansion • Mehmed II Conquers Constantinople • Murad’s son, Mehmed II, conquers Constantinople in 1453 • Opens city to Jews, Christians, and Muslims and rebuilds • Ottomans Take Islam’s Holy Cities • In 1512, Selim the Grim, Mehmed’s grandson, comes to power • He defeats Persian Safavids and pushes into North Africa • Conquers Mecca, Medina, and Cairo: important Muslim cities

7. Suleyman the Lawgiver • A Great Ruler • Suleyman the Lawgiver, Selim’s son, rules from 1520 to 1566 • The Empire Reaches Its Limits • Suleyman conquers Belgrade (1521) and Rhodes (1522) • Ottomans control eastern Mediterranean • Turks take North African coastline, control inland trade routes • Suleyman’s forces advance to Vienna • By 1526, Ottoman Empire is the largest in the world Continued…

8. Suleyman the Lawgiver{continued} • Highly Structured Social Organization • Suleyman creates law code, reduces bureaucracy, simplifies taxation • Army uses devshirme—drafts boys from conquered lands • Trains 30,000 elite soldiers—janissaries—loyal only to the sultan • Jews and Christians allowed to practice own religion • Cultural Flowering • Suleyman’s broad interests lead to flourishing of arts, learning • Sinan, brilliant architect, designs magnificent Mosque of Suleyman

9. The Empire Declines Slowly • Gradual Fall • Suleyman kills one son and exiles another • Third son inherits throne but rules weakly • Later sultans kill their brothers and leave their sons uneducated • Long line of weak sultans leads to empire’s eventual fall

10. Section-2 Cultural Blending CASE STUDY: The Safivid Empire The Safavid Empire produce a rich and complex blended culture in Persia.

11. Section-2 Cultural Blending Patterns of Cultural Blending • Cultural Blending in Persia • Between16th and 18th centuries a Shi’ite Muslim dynasty ruled Persia • SafavidEmpire—Shi’ite Muslim dynasty from 16th to 18th centuries • Causes of Cultural Blending • Changes occur through migration, conquest, trade, or religion • Results of Cultural Blending • Changes in language, religion, government, use of technology • Racial and ethnic blending, intermarriage • Cultural styles adapted into arts and architecture

12. The Safavids Build an Empire • Safavid Origins • Begins as religious order named for founder • Safavids concentrate on building powerful military • Isma’il Conquers Persia • Fourteen-year-old Isma’il conquers Iran by 1451 • Takes title of shah—king • Makes Shi’a Islam official religion; kills Sunnis • Son, Tahmasp, greatly expands empire

13. A Safavid Golden Age • Abbas the Great • ShahAbbas—Abbas the Great—takes throne in 1587 • Reforms • Helps create a thriving Safavid culture • Reforms military and government; brings in Christian trade • A New Capital • Esfahan—new capital—is one of the world’s most beautiful cities • Art Works • Chinese artisans blend Chinese and Persian styles • Carpets • Carpet weaving becomes national industry

14. The Dynasty Declines Quickly • The Safavid Empire Weakens • Abbas kills and blinds his ablest sons • Safi, Abbas’s incompetent grandson, leads to empire’s decline • By 1722, the empire is losing land to the Ottomans and Afghans • Nadir Shah Afshar expands the empire, but it falls apart in 1747

15. Section-3 The Mughal Empire in India The Mughal Empire brings Turks, Persians, and Indians together in a vast empire.

16. Section-3 Section-3 The Mughal Empire in India Early History of the Mughals • Mongol Invaders • Mughals, or Mongols, invade northwestern India • Conflict • Muslims and Hindus fight for almost 300 years • In 1000, loose empire of Turkish warlords—Delhi Sultanate—forms • Delhi Sultanate • Sultans rule from Delhi between 13th and 16th centuries • Timur the Lame destroys Delhi in 1398

17. Early History of the Mughals • Babur Founds an Empire • Baburbecomes king of small land in Central Asia at 11 • Is dethroned and driven south into India • Army conquers much of northern India, forming Mughal Empire • Son Humayun loses most of the territory Babur conquered • Babur’s grandson succeeds Humayan

18. Akbar’s Golden Age • Babur’s Grandson • Akbar—“Greatest One”—rules India from 1556 to 1605 • A Military Conqueror • Akbar uses cannons; names native Indians as officers • A Liberal Ruler • Akbar allows religious freedom and abolishes tax on non-Muslims • Akbar allows all people a chance to serve in high government office • Hindu finance minister develops better tax plan; income grows • Akbar gives land to his officials, then reclaims it when they die Continued…

19. 3 Akbar’s Golden Age {continued} • A Flowering of Culture • Many cultures blend, mixing art, education, politics, and language • New languages like Hindi and Urdu emerge • The Arts and Literature • Book illustrations, called miniatures, flourish • Hindu literature reemerges during Akbar’s rule • Architecture • New architectural style named for Akbar develops

20. Akbar’s Successors • Jahangir and Nur Jahan • Akbar’s son, Jahangir, allows wife Nur Jahan to control government • Nur Jahan appoints her father prime minister • Nur Jahan favors son Khusrau over other sons • Khusrau rebels, supported by Sikhs, nonviolent religious group • Sikhs become targets of Mughal hatred

21. Akbar’s Successors {continued} • Shah Jahan • Shah Jahan—Jahangir’s son and successor, marries Persian princess • Assassinates all competitors for throne • His wife dies while giving birth to her 14th child in 1631 • Taj Mahal—huge marble tom Shah Jahan builds for his wife • Taj Mahal is one of the most beautiful buildings in the world

22. Akbar’s Successors {continued} • The People Suffer • People suffer paying for wars and monuments • Shah Jahan’s third son—Aurangzeb—imprisons father and takes over • Aurangzeb’s Reign • Rules between 1658 and 1707; expands empire to its largest • Strictly enforces Islamic law and attempts to get rid of Hindus • Hindus rebel and Sikhs become militant • Levies oppressive taxes on Hindus, causing more rebellion

23. The Empire’s Decline and Decay • The Mughal Empire Crumbles • Over 2 million people die of famine while Aurangzeb wages war • Emperor becomes a figurehead; empire breaks into separate states • Meanwhile, traders arrive from England, Holland, France, Portugal • European traders gain key ports

24. This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes. Click the HOME or EXITbutton.

25. Print Slide Show • On the File menu, select Print • In the pop-up menu, select Microsoft PowerPoint If the dialog box does not include this pop-up, continue to step 4 • In the Print what box, choose the presentation format you want to print: slides, notes, handouts, or outline • Click the Print button to print the PowerPoint presentation