Ch. 3 and 4 An Age of Explorations

1. Ch. 3 and 4 An Age of Explorations • World History • Mr. Curtis

2. Europeans Explore the East • The themes of the Renaissance encouraged exploration. • Little interest and inability slowed European exploration in the 12th Century. The desire for wealth and to spread Christianity coupled with advances in sailing technology led to more exploration.

3. Europeans Seek New Trade Routes • The desire for new sources of wealth was the main reason for European Exploration. • A very profitable business at the time was the trade of spices such as nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon and pepper. (introduced during the Crusades 1096-1270) (bland food) • Almost all of these spices came from Asia and were in high demand in Europe. (short supply- high prices) • The Muslims and Italians controlled this trade and charged high prices to countries in the North. The only way for England, Spain, Portugal and France could avoid this would be to find a sea route directly to Asia.

4. The Spread of Christianity • Europeans felt they had a duty to spread Christianity and convert non-Christians throughout the world. • God, Gold and Glory!! Spanish Explorer Bernal Diaz del Castillo: “To serve God and His Majesty, to give Light to those who were in darkness and to grow rich as all men desire to do.

5. Technology and Exploration • Early European ships could not sail against the wind. In the 1400’s, ship builders designed a new vessel that was sturdier and used triangular sails that allowed it to sail against the wind---called a Caravel. • Other advances include: astrolabe- circular ring marked with degrees using the stars to navigate and the magnetic compass developed by the Chinese.

6. Portugal Leads the Way • The main reason Portugal was a big time leader in exploration was due to financial support from the government. • One big supporter was Prince Henry (the Navigator) who was impressed with the wealth of Africa after conquering the North African city of Ceuta. (1415)(spices, silver, gold, jewels) • Henry supported establishing trade posts down the coast of West Africa. (1419)

7. Portuguese Sailors and Asia • One of Henry’s goals was to find a sea route to Asia which they believed must go around the southern tip of Africa. • Bartolomeu Dias- 1488, he made it to the southern tip when a storm hit and blew them to the eastern side. They explored and decided to go back due to exhaustion and lack of food. (It can be done!!!) • Vasco de Gama- 1497, explored the east African coast and brought back cargo that was 60 times the cost of the voyage. (spices, silks, gems)27000 miles

9. Spain and Exploration • Spain was envy of Portugal and wanted a direct sea route to Asia. • In 1492, Christopher Columbus (Italian) would try to reach Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic. He thought he had reached the West Indies but instead he landed in the Caribbean. • This voyage would lead to the colonization of the Americas and a tense rivalry with Portugal. • In 1493, Pope Alexander VI tried to appease the two nations by suggesting an imaginary line that would split land in the Americas. In 1494, Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas in which they agreed to honor the line

10. Spain Builds an Empire • Christopher Columbus would play a huge role in Spanish exploration. Because of his success in 1492, Spain’s monarchs would fund 3 more voyages. • Columbus was no longer an explorer but an empire builder. He would sail with a fleet of 17 ships and 1,000 soldiers. • The Spanish intended to create colonies- lands that were controlled by another nation.

11. More Explorers • In 1500, many explorers ventured across the Atlantic to claim territory for their country. (map pg.121) • Ferdinand Magellan- Portuguese explorer funded by Spain who sailed around the tip of South America into the Pacific. After exploring Guam, Magellan was killed in a local war in the Philippines. His crew continued west without him and made it back to Spain. (18 men and 1 ship) First to circumnavigate the world. • Hernando Cortes- Spanish explorer who colonized many Caribbean islands and explored parts of Mexico, South America, and United States. He also conquered the Aztecs (pg. 122) • Spanish explorers were known as conquistadors- conquerors.

12. Spanish Conquests in Peru • Francisco Pizarro- 1532, conquistador who conquered the Incan Empire. His army kidnapped the Incan ruler and killed him. • By the middle of the 16th century Spain had created an empire in South America and the Caribbean. • The Spanish settlers lived among the Natives and relationships with the women were common which led to a mixed population of Spanish and Native Americans known as Mestizo.

13. Spanish Conquest continued… • Encomienda- system that forced Native Americans to work for Spanish landlords. The Natives worked in rough conditions and were treated harshly.

14. Settling North America • France, England and The Netherlands would play a huge part in settling North America. • The French • Giovanni da Verrazzanowould discover present day New York Harbor. • Jacques Cartier discovered modern day Montreal, Canada. • Samuel de Chaplain would sail up the St. Lawrence with 32 colonist who founded Quebec, which became the base of France’s colonial empire in North America known as New France. By 1700 New France covered much of Midwestern US and eastern Canada. • Where did Louisiana get its name? How did the French get there? What was the main source of the settlers income?

16. The English • England • 1607, English colonist arrive in North America. They name the territory Jamestown (first English settlement in NA) in honor of their king. How did the colony do its first few months? • 1620, a religious group looking to escape persecution in England founded the 2nd English colony in Plymouth Massachusetts. They were known as Pilgrims. • 1630, The Puritans also wanted to escape religious persecution from the Anglican church. They settled near Massachusetts Bay. They focused on establishing a model community based on family and Christian values.

17. The Netherlands • The Dutch • Henry Hudson explored three waterways in North America that would be named for him: Hudson River, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait. The Dutch would claim the territory around these waterways. • They established a fur trade with the Iroquois Indians and set up trading posts down the Hudson river. • The Dutch territory in North America became known as New Netherland. • How did New Netherland grow in population?

18. Struggle for North America • The English saw New Netherland as a wedge between English colonies. Charles II, King of England, granted his brother (Duke of York) permission to drive out the Dutch. The Dutch surrendered and the English named the territory New York. (by 1750, 1.2 million English settlers on the east coast) • The English wanted to expand to the west which caused a conflict with the French. In 1754, a conflict in the Ohio Valley led to war between the French and British known as the French and Indian War.

19. The Atlantic Slave Trade • Tobacco farms and sugar plantations required a lot of labor. Europeans planned to use the Natives as workers but disease had demolished their population. • Slavery already existed in Africa from 650 to 1600. Muslims occupied a lot of land in Northern Africa and Southwest Asia.

20. Demand for Slaves • The first Europeans to explore Africa were the Portuguese. They were mostly interested in trading until they colonized in South America. • Advantages: The African population had already been exposed to most diseases, had some experience in farming, less likely to escape(don’t know the terrain), skin color made them easy to identify. • The buying and selling of slaves for the Americas became known as the Atlantic Slave Trade. By 1870, when the slave trade ended, about 9.5 million Africans had been transported to the Americas.

21. England Dominates the Slave Trade • Spain and Portugal were major players in the Atlantic Slave Trade. • From 1690 to 1807 England dominated the slave trade. By 1807, nearly 1.7 million slaves had been transported to English colonies in the West Indies. 400,00 slaves to North American colonies. • Triangular Trade- transatlantic trading network for slaves and goods. (Europe, Africa, Americas)

23. The Middle Passage • The Middle Passage- the voyage that brought slaves to the West Indies and North and South America. The route was characterized as extremely harsh and brutal. Many slaves died before finishing the trip due to disease and beatings.

24. The Columbian Exchange • Columbian Exchange- the global transfer of foods, plants and animals during the colonization of the Americas. • From Americas: tomatoes, squash, pineapples, tobacco and cacao beans (chocolate) The turkey was the primary animal. • Corn and potatoes were the most important food from the Americas because they were both cheap and nutritious. • From Europe: horses, cattle, sheep and pigs. • From Africa/Asia: black eyed peas bananas and yams, wheat, rice and oats. • Disease would kill many Natives as we talked about last week. Smallpox, measles, influenza, typhus, malaria and diphtheria.

26. Global Trade • During the 16th and 17th century, trade was booming between countries and colonies. Trade practices were developed that still affect global trade today. • Capitalism- economic system based on private ownership and the investment of resources, such as money, for profit. (caused business to flourish and grow) (inflation due to high demand) • Joint-Stock Companies- business in which investors combine their money for a common purpose and share the profit. Jamestown!! Companies still practice this today (stock) Why was this attractive to investors?

27. Mercantilism • Mercantilism- economic policy where nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought- favorable balance of trade. (pg. 140 map) • Countries wanted to be self-sufficient. Colonies played a huge role in being both the supplier and market for European countries • The economic revolution sparked the growth of towns and a merchant class who controlled great wealth. Most people were still poor. Nations became powerful.