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Kingdom Animalia

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Kingdom Animalia

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    1. Kingdom Animalia

    2. General Characteristics Eukaryotic Multicellular No cell walls Move to find the following: Food Shelter Protection Mates

    3. General Characteristics (continued) Heterotrophs – eat other organisms for energy Omnivore (plants & animals) Carnivore (animals only) Herbivore (plants only)

    4. General Characteristics (continued) Digest their food because food must be broken down to fit inside the cells for metabolizing

    5. Classification – 9 major phyla Porifera – animals have holes throughout their body (Ex: Sponges) Cnidaria – animals with soft bodies and cnidocytes = stinging cells (Ex: jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral) Platyhelminthes – flat worms (Ex: planarians, tapeworms) Nematoda – round worms (Ex: heartworm, trichinella, pin worms) Mollusca – mollusks (Ex: snails, slugs, clams, oysters, octopus, squid) Annelida – segmented worms (Ex: earthworm & leeches) Arthropoda – insects, crustaceans, arachnids Echinodermata – spiny skinned animals (Ex: Sea star) Chordata – animals with a backbone = Vertebrates

    6. Body Plans Asymmetry = no definite shape (sponge) Radial Symmetry = circle body plan with a central point (sea star, jellyfish, sand dollar, hydra) Bilateral Symmetry = 2 sides of the body are arranged in the same way; the 2 sides of the body are almost mirror images of each other (most animals have this type of symmetry)

    7. Body Directions Dorsal side = backside of animal (darker) Ventral side = belly-side of animal Lateral = left and right side of the animal Anterior end = head end (cephalization – concentration of nerve cells at the anterior end of the animal which results in the formation of a true brain) Posterior end = tail end

    8. Early Development of Animals Fertilized egg = Zygote Zygote ? Embryo Embryo continues to divide to become a BLASTULA (hollow ball of cells) The Blastula folds creating an opening called a BLASTOPORE = called GASTRULATION Blastopore leads to a tube which will become the following: Protostomes: mouth Deuterostomes: anus

    9. Blastulation & Gastrulation

    10. Germ Layers Endoderm (innermost germ layer): gives rise to the lining of the digestive & respiratory tract Mesoderm (middle germ layer): gives rise to muscles, circulatory, reproductive and excretory systems Ectoderm (outermost germ layer): gives rise to sensory organs, nerves, integumentary system (skin, hair, nails, etc.)

    11. Germ Layers

    12. Porifera Hollow tube body plan: ACOELOMATE – no coelom Contains pores (holes) throughout body No tissue, organs and organ systems Live in water Asymmetry As adults sponges are SESSILE – attach to one place & do not move for the rest of its life Filter feeders Reproduce asexually and sexually – HERMAPHRODITES (have both male & female reproductive organs) – external fertilization Water goes into pores and out the OSCULUM Ectoderm (outside) can be made of soft, flexible material called spongin or hard, spiky material called spicules

    13. Cnidaria Soft bodies Tentacles with cnidocytes = stinging cells Inside each cnidocyte is a nematocyst = coiled barbed stinger with poison Cnidocytes are triggered by touch Used to paralyze & capture prey Radial symmetry Contain tissue Acoelomates Digestive cavity that breaks down food using enzymes Mouth No circulatory/respiratory systems Simple nervous system called Nerve Net or Nerve Ring 2 Body types – Medusa (moves) & Polyp (sessile) Sexually reproduce – hermaphrodites – external fertilization

    14. Classes of Cnidaria Class Hydrozoa – hydra, man of war Class Scyphozoa – jellyfish Class Anthozoa – sea anemone & coral

    15. Cnidocyte Being Triggered

    16. Worms Invertebrates with soft bodies Bilateral symmetry Tissue, organs, organ systems 3 types: Flat Round Segmented

    17. Platyhelminthes Platy = flat, helminthe = worm Free-living = planarian Parasites = tapeworm Has the first primitive excretory system called FLAME BULB CELLS = removal of ammonia (urea = higher forms of animals) No circulatory/respiratory system – get oxygen & nutrients thru osmosis & diffusion Digestive system = intestines for digesting food Have one opening that serves as both mouth and anus Sexually reproduction – hermaphrodites – internal fertilization Can regenerate

    18. Examples of Flatworms Tapeworms

    19. Nematoda Round worms Largest phylum of worms (in number) Some free-living, some parasitic Live in soil, fresh & salt water, animals Has a tube within a tube body plan Has a complete digestive tract with a separate mouth and anus (pseudocoelom) No circulatory/respiratory system Sexual reproduction – internal fertilization

    20. Examples Hookworm Ascaris (pinworm-live in the intestine of its hosts) Trichinella (found in the muscles of pigs) Filarial Worms (live in blood & lymph vessels of birds and mammals) Heartworm

    21. PARASITIC ROUNDWORMS

    22. Mollusca Soft-bodied invertebrates that usually have shells (valves) Live on land, fresh & salt water Bilateral symmetry Has a true coelom = cavity where all the organs are held Common body parts: Mantle = thin tissue that covers soft body Mantle cavity = where the gills are located Visceral mass = coelom (gut) where all the organs are held Foot = strong muscle used for movement 1st group of animals to have a circulatory & respiratory system (heart & gills) 2 types of circulatory systems: CLOSED (vessels) & OPEN (no vessels)

    23. Classes of Mollusks Univalves or Gastropods (snails, slugs) Bivalves (clams, oysters, mussels, scallops = adductor muscles of clams) Cephalopods (octopus, squid) – complex nervous system – centralized with a true brain, closed circulatory system, stream-lined to move quickly, very smart

    24. Complex Invertebrates Phylum Annelida, Arthropoda & Phylum Echinodermata

    25. Annelida Segmented worms Bilateral symmetry Tube shaped bodies Has a true coelom Ex: earthworms & leeches Complete digestive system No respiratory system (oxygen diffuses thru skin) Nervous system – pair of ganglia and a ventral nerve cord Circulatory system – 5 aortic arches that serve as the heart and a dorsal & ventral blood vessel (closed) Excretory system Sexually reproduces – hermaphrodites – external fertilization

    26. Arthropods Arthro = joint; Pod = foot All appendages are jointed Largest phylum in the animal kingdom Usually has 3 body sections: Head Thorax Abdomen

    27. Major Characteristics (continued) Has an exoskeleton made of chitin which is shed when the arthropod grows – process is called MOLTING Has a coelom – gut that holds all the organs Have ALL the body systems 5 classes Arachnids Centipedes Millipedes Crustaceans Insects

    28. Class Insecta Able to fly Have antennae Compound eyes (multiple lenses) Open circulatory system Blood does not carry oxygen = blood is clear Respiratory system = spiracles & book lungs Goes through Metamorphosis = change in the body from the young to adult; triggered by hormones

    29. Metamorphosis Complete = 4 stages: Egg, Larva, Pupa, Adult Incomplete = 3 stages: Egg, Nymph, Adult Why go through this life cycle?! Adults and young have different homes, food sources and predators, therefore, they will not compete increasing their chance of survival

    30. Echinoderms Echino = spiny; derm = skin Embryos develop like the embryo of vertebrates = DEUTEROSTOMES Internal skeleton (endoskeleton) made of calcium plates Water vascular system with tube feet that carry out its body functions

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