LAN 401 Beginning Greek I

1. LAN 401 Beginning Greek I Class II: English and Greek Nouns

2. English and Greek Nouns 1.1 Important Concepts and Definitions • English grammar first! • Inflection • Subjective case • Indirect object • Etc.  We cannot learn Greek grammar before we know English grammar!

3. English and Greek Nouns • Inflection – “when words change their form” • He  his • He is the king ---- The king imprisoned him. • She  her • She has read the book ----- She has read her book • Know  knew • Prince  princess  Word may change when it performs different functions in the sentence  Greek is highly inflected!

4. English Nouns 1.2 Case in English • Function of a noun as it related to verb in a sentence (or other parts of the sentence)  case • Three cases in English • Subjective case • Possessive case • Objective case

5. English Nouns 1.2.1 Subjective case • If the word is the subject of a verb  subjective case • John went to the gym • The dog ran away • To locate subject, ask “who” or “what”

6. English Nouns 1.2.2 Possessive Case • If the word demonstrates possession  possessive case • Her New Testament has been taken away • Our dog is in a neighbor’s yard

7. English Nouns 1.2.3 Objective Case • If a word is a direct object  objective case • Direct object = person /thing directly affected by the action of verb • John failed his test • The preacher preached the word • To locate direct object, ask “whom” or “what”

8. English Nouns • Most English word do not change their form in different cases • Teacher likes him (subjective case) • He likes the teacher (objective case) • BUT: He is teacher’spet (possessive case) Case Function Examples Subj. Subject He borrowed my computer Pos. Possession He borrowed my computer Obj. Direct object He borrowed my computer

9. English Nouns 1.3 Number • Words can be singular or plural • One student • Three students  One or many

10. English Nouns 1.4 Gender • Words are either masculine, feminine, or neuter • He • She • it  Some words change their form • He gave it to her. (all are sg.3 pronouns) • Also: steward – stewardess; prince - princess

11. English Nouns 1.5 Declension in English • Declension • Grouping of nouns according to endings • A noun is a word which designates a person, place, or thing • Ex. English plural nouns • Adding “s” OR “es” OR irregular plural nouns Cat – cats wish – wishes mouse – mice  Meaning remains the same  A declension is a pattern of inflection!

12. Parts of Speech 1.6 Parts of Speech • Noun • a word that stands for someone or something • Bill threw his big red book at the teacher • Adjective • A word that modifies a noun (or another adjective) • ‘big’, ‘red’

13. Parts of Speech • Preposition • A word that shows a relationship between two other words • My Greek book is under the table • Subject and Predicate • Sentence has two parts: subject and predicate • Subject:subject of the verb &what modifies the subject • Predicate: rest of the sentence • My favorite Greek book is placed inside my desk.

14. Parts of Speech • Articles • Definite article: “The” • The book I read is excellent  Specific book • Indefinite article: “a”/”an” • I read a book yesterday  Some book in general

15. Case in Greek 2.1 Nominative and Accusative 2.1.1 Nominative - designation • Main idea – subject of a sentence (“naming” case) • ὁ ἀπόστολος γινώσκει  The apostle knows  Masculine singular word

16. Case in Greek 2.1.2 Accusative - limitation • Main idea: the direct object (I see the ball) ὁ ἀπόστολος διδάσκει τόν υἱόν  The apostle teaches/is teaching the son  Masculine singular word

17. Case in Greek 2.1.3 Word order in Greek Case endings, not the word order, determines meaning • English word order: subject – verb – object • Matt saw a car • Greek word order – And listen you must to Yoda! • More freedom in arrangement of the words • Often : conjunction-verb-subject-object • Unusual word order points to an emphasis • Case endings, not the word order, determines meaning

18. Case in Greek • Examples of Greek word order ὁ ἀπόστολος βλέπει τόν υἱόν τόν υἱόν βλέπει ὁ ἀπόστολος  The apostle sees the son // The apostle sees the son ἠγάπησεν ὁ θέος τὸν κόσμον(Jh 3:16)  God loved the world

19. Case in Greek 2.2 Greek Nouns

20. Case in Greek 2.3 Definite Article

21. Case in Greek • Examples οἱ ἀπόστολοι βλέπουσι τοῦς υἱόυς The apostles see the sons τήν βασιλείαν βλέπω I see the kingdom ἠγάπησεν ὁ θέος τὸν κόσμον(Jh 3:16) God loved the world

22. Case in Greek • Workbook pp. 11-14

23. Case in Greek 3.1 Genitive and Dative 3.1.1 Genitive in English • Possessive case • “of” or “s” • The Word of God • The apostle’s word was ignored

24. Case in Greek 3.1.2 Dative in English • Indirect object • Person/object is indirectly affected by the action of the verb • Karin threw the ball to Brad • Indirect object answers the question • ‘to whom’ • ‘to what’

25. Case in Greek 3.2 Genitive Case in Greek • Genitive as possession • Main idea: specifies/qualifies the idea or a word it modifies • Often refers to possession • ὁ οἶκος τοῦ ἀποστόλου  The house of the apostle

26. Case in Greek • Genitive as separation • Main idea indicates separation • Same case as genitive – different function ὁ ἀπόστολος πέμπει τὸυς δούλους τοῦ οἴκου  The apostle sends the servants from the house  More uses of genitive on pp. 52-53 • “of” is the main idea of genitive!

27. Case in Greek 3.3 Dative Case in Greek • Dative as reception • Main idea: indirect object of a verb (I spoke “to the crowd”) ὁ ἀπόστολος λέγει τῷ ὄχλῳ  The apostle talks to the crowd

28. Case in Greek • Dative as location • Main idea: location ὁ ἀπόστολος διδάσκει τῷ οἴκῳ  The apostle teaches in the house

29. Case in Greek • Dative as means/instrument • Main idea: means or instrument ὁ ἀπόστολος διδάσκει νόμοις  The apostle teaches with laws  More uses of dative on pp. 53-54 • “to” is the main idea of dative!

30. Case in Greek

31. Case in Greek

32. Exegesis and case 3.4 Luke 2:14 – Good will and peace to who? • 14Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men. KJV • 14 “Glory to God in the highest heaven,    and on earth peace to those on whom his favor rests.” NIV • 14 "Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace among those with whom he is pleased!“ ESV  what’s the differences?

33. Exegesis and Case • Greek text variants: • Nominative or genitive • 14 Δόξα ἐν ὑψίστοις θεῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς εἰρήνη ἐν ἀνθρώποις εὐδοκίας.

34. Case in Greek • Workbook pp. 15-18 • Homework: • p. 18, no: 11-17 (translate sentences)