The Counter Reformation

1. The Counter Reformation

2. Reforming the Catholic Church • Counter-Reformation • The Catholic Church’s series of reforms I response to the spread of Protestantism in the mid-1500’s to the early 1600’s.

3. Early Reformers • Girolamo Savonarola • Monk who tried to change the church from within. “Bonfire of the Vanities” • Excommunicated and Executed in Florence.

4. Religious Orders • Jesuits • “Society of Jesus” • Renewed church’s emphasis of spirituality and service. • Founded by Ignatius of Loyola • Basque Nobleman and former soldier. • Concentrated on education as a means of combating the Protestant Reformation.

5. The Council of Trent • 1545, Church members decided to redefine some religious doctrines of the Catholic Church. • Clarified Catholic teaching • Addressed Abuses • Addressed Corruption • Training of Priests regulated • Addressed Financial Abuse • Sale of Indulgences was abolished

6. The Council of Trent Cont…. • Council reaffirmed: • Transubstantiation • Sacraments • Baptism • Confirmation • Marriage • Eucharist • Penance (Confession) • Anointing Sick • Basic structure of Church reaffirmed!

7. Reforming Catholics • Charles Borromeo • Archbishop of Milan (1560 to 1584) • Implements Council of Trent reforms • Builds a school to educate Priests • Francis of Sales • Implemented a missionary program in Savoy (Italy). He returned many back to the Catholic Church.

8. Women in the Church • Angela Merici • Began Company of Saint Ursula • Jane of Chantal • Trained women to be teachers • Mary Ward of England • Created networks of schools for girls • Teresa of Avila • Most famous female spiritual leader for the Catholic Church.

9. The Inquisitions • Two different Inquisitions: • Roman Inquisition (1542) • Spanish Inquisition (1478) • The Roman Inquisition tried people for: • Being Protestant • Witchcraft • (Malleus Maleficarum) “Hammer of Witches” • Breaking with Church Law

10. Spanish Inquisition • Tried to convert: • Jews • Muslims • Protestants • Many accounts of torture and executions! • Index of Forbidden Books= censorship

11. The Protestant Reformation’s Long Term Effects

12. Changes in Religion • Jesuits bring many back to the Catholic Church, and renew the doctrines of the Catholic Church. • New denominations form because reformers interpret the Bible differently!

13. Expulsion of Jews and Muslims • Spain gives these groups of people three options. • (1) CONVERT to Christianity • (2) GET OUT of Spain • (3) DIE • Jews segregated to ghetto • Ghettos- were walled sections of the city and their gates closed at a certain time each evening.

14. Censorship in the Church • The Index Librorum Prohibitorum • The Forbidden Books were a list of books that people should not read. • You could lose your soul by reading these books. • Contained Reformer’s writing and some secular works.

15. Witchcraft • Hysteria of Witchcraft swept through Europe during 1580 to 1660. • Witches would: • Kill Children • Kill Livestock • Work with the Devil.

16. Political Effects • States and businesses want church to become less involved with political affairs. • Political power was now separate from the church!

17. Religious Wars and Unrest • The Italian War • King Charles VIII of France invaded Italy, and Spain joined in the fight too. • Fighting ended in 1559. • The war is credited with spreading Renaissance ideas throughout Europe. • During the fighting many important artists fled from Italy, and took their ideas as well!

18. Conflicts among Germans • Peasants War is stirred by Renaissance and Reformation ideas. • Luther is connected with this revolt even though he denounces it. • Local Lutheran Princes go to war with Holy Roman Emperor. • Peace of Augsburg (1555) Each prince can choose the religion that his subjects would practice.

19. Conflicts between Religions • Conflicts between Catholic faith and Protestant faith in France. • In 1598, Henry of Navarre converted to Catholicism, and this created temporary peace. • Edict of Nantes granted religious freedom to Protestants.