Jeffersonian America

1. Jeffersonian America APUSH

2. Lewis and Clark • Presidential appointed team / 1804 • Meriwether Lewis & William Clark • Began in St. Louis, MO and ended in Oregon • Significant journey—took detailed notes including encounters with Native Americans • Warned of hardships settlers would face moving West • TJ’s goal of finding an all-water route not realized

3. Marshall Court • John Marshall, influential SC justice • Federalists passed Judiciary Act (1801) creating 16 new judgeships • President Adams wanted to “pack” the courts with Federalists, so he signed off on them at midnight (they took nickname midnight judges) • TJ very angry over this court packing scheme

4. Marshall Court • TJ ordered James Madison not to deliver the appointments of these new judges, blocking them from taking the judgeship • One judge, William Marbury (hence Marbury v. Madison) sued under the Judiciary Act of 1789, which granted the SC the authority to enforce judicial commissions • JM (John Marshall) was TJ’s cousin & a Federalist • JM knew is SC issued a writ of mandamus (forcing Madison to deliver the commissions) TJ would ignore it • JM thought if SC did not issue the writ, SC would appear weaker than other 2 branches

5. Marshall Court • JM declared Madison should have delivered the commission, but the Judiciary Act of 1789 that gave the SC the power to issue the writ was unconstitutional • This created “judicial review”, or the idea of judging the constitutionality of a law • JM was able to reprimand the Republicans w/o compromising the integrity and power of the SC • Under JM, the power of the SC increased big time!!

6. Marshall Court Decisions • Cases expanding the authority of the Supreme Court 1. Marbury v. Madison (1803) gave the Court the power of judicial review. 2. U.S. v. Peters (1809) established the Court's right to coerce a state legislature 3. Martin v. Hunter's Lessee (1816) confirmed the Court's right to overrule a state court 4. Cohens v. Virginia (1821). States were no longer sovereign in all respects since they had ratified the Constitution. State courts must submit to federal jurisdiction.

7. Marshall Court Decisions • Cases expanding the powers of Congress 1. McCullough v. Maryland (1819) upheld the right of Congress to charter a national bank, thus putting into national law the doctrine of implied powers. 2. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) gave the national government undisputed control over interstate commerce by ruling invalid a steamboat monopoly chartered by New York state. This freed internal transportation from state restraint.

8. Marshall Court Decisions • Weakeningthe States A. Fletcher v. Peck (1810) established the principle that state laws were invalid when in conflict with the Constitution B. Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) by forbidding the state legislature to alter the college charter, established the principle that charters were contracts which could not be impaired. C. Martin v. Mott (1827) denied a state the right to withhold its militia from service.

9. Legacy of Marshall Court • Established the supremacy of federal government over states in exercising control of economy • B. Opened the way for an increased federal role in promoting economic growth (bank ruling) • C. Affirmed protection for corporations and other private economic institutions from local governmental interference. This allowed for the growth of the new industrial capitalist economy.

10. Election of 1804: TJ v. Pinckney

11. Aaron Burr *3rd Vice-President *Repubs. decided NOT to have Burr for TJ’s 2nd Term *In 1804, Congress passed 12th Amendment, specifying which ballot was being cast for Pres and which for VP by Electoral College *Background: Election of 1800 was a tie between TJ and Burr (the VP Candidate). The House decided, and because Alex. Hamilton hated Burr, House chose TJ as President

12. Burr’s Revenge • Burr wanted revenge on AH for the Election of 1800 debacle • AB joined a small group of radical Federalists called the Essex Junto (group plotting for a New England state secession from the Union) and ran for governor of NY as their leader • Hamilton campaigned against Burr as governor, and people of NY did not vote Burr in due to fears of an ex-Rep. (many Federalist voters in NY) • AB heard AH made a negative remark about him, and challenged him to a duel; AH could not refuse, so the duel happened in 1804

13. The Duel • AH would be mortally wounded, and A Bwould be wanted for murder.

14. Significance of TJ’s Presidency • Slashed Army/Navy spending • Cut the budget • Eliminated the unpopular whiskey tax • Reduced national debt by 1/3 • Acquired LA Territory from Napoleon in 1803 • 2nd Term: Occupied w/ keeping US out of Napoleonic wars • Failed w/ embargo upon American shipping (Embargo Act 1807, forbid all int’l trade to and from American ports • TJ’s goal was GB and FR would be persuaded of the value and rights of neutral commerce ) •  Cue video on Embargo Act

16. James Madison • Staunch Federalist / co-author of Federalist Papers • Considered “Father of the Constitution” • Member of Republican/Jeffersonian Party • Embargo Act repealed just b/f taking office but issue lingered • JM prohibited trade w/ GB & FR; in 1810 Congress authorized trade with both, telling JM if either would accept US view of neutral rights, to forbid trade with other nation • Eventually declared war on GB due to impressment of American men at sea & seizure of cargoes •  Cue videos on Madison and War of 1812

17. Exit Slip • Pick 1 of the following 2 questions: • 1) Describe the significance of Thomas Jefferson’s presidency. • 2) Was Madison justified in declaring war on the British in 1812?  Your answer should be a minimum of 4 sentences and contain at LEAST 2 analytical sentences (meaning this cannot be just facts…offer your interpretation)

18. Election of 1812

19. Issues • 1) War of 1812 • Federalists were opposed to War / Criticized Madison for struggles early in war • Poor showing of American soldiers in the war's first months largely contributed to the election's close result • Madison got heavy support from the South and West; this is because of the War Hawks: young congressmen like Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, etc.

20. War Hawks • Young and outspoken members of Congress • Foes of Great Britain and supporters of expansion by the United States. • Western War Hawks, most notably the new Speaker of the House, Henry Clay of Kentucky, called for war against England / saw Canada as a possible target of expansion. • Southern War Hawks, led by John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, desired Texas and Florida.

21. Consequences of War of 1812 • The war lasted for over two years, ended in stalemate. • It did once and for all confirm American Independence. • The offensive actions of the United States failed to capture Canada. • The British army was successfully stopped when it attempted to capture Baltimore and New Orleans. • There were a number of American naval victories in which American vessels proved themselves superior to similarly sized British vessels.

22. Consequences of War of 1812 • Andrew Jackson emerged as a national hero for defending New Orleans (many felt NO was equivalent to war victory) • William H. Harrison a hero and later and also elected President. • America gained respect diplomatically and militarily • Led to further decline of Federalists • American industry increased due to lack of dependence on GB manufacturing

23. Hartford Convention • Dec 1814-Jan1815 • Purpose: Discuss grievances and seek solutions for their wrongs • Immediate Goal = secure financial assistance from Washington due to British blockading menace on NE shores • Minority of radical delegates urged secession • Convention recommended amendments to Constitution (end 3/5 Compromise, sought term limits for President) but Treaty of Ghent ended this

24. Death of Federalist Party • Hartford demands  death of FP • Seen as secessionists and disloyal • Election of 1816

25. Election of 1816

26. End of an Era • Legacies of time period 1812-1816 • Intense American hatred of British • Mutual suspicion b/w GB and US would last long time • Increase in Canadian nationalism • Naval arms race b/w US and GB in Great Lakes • Rush-Bagot Treaty 1817 – limited naval armament on GL’s • US no longer worried about European intervention in NA • New sense of nationalism • Next up: Manifest Destiny & Era of Good Feelings

27. Era of Good Feelings

28. Era of Good Feelings • So-called due to one party (D-R) dominance • America became isolationist (not worried about Europe) • D-R’s did suffer internal dissent • Ex: Some supported Hamilton (Federalist) economic ideas • Main Political Issues: • a national bank (2nd Bank) • protective tariffs to support American manufactures & federally-funded internal improvements (Clay’s American System) • Missouri & Slavery

29. Monroe’s Foreign Policy • Spain & the Seminole Indian • Diplomacy • Convention of 1818 • Occupation of Oregon • Fishing rights (w/ Canada) • Adams-Onis Treaty • Monroe Doctrine

30. Monroe Doctrine - 1823 • The Western Hemisphere was no longer open for colonization • The political system of the Americas was different from Europe • The United States would regard any interference in Western hemispheric affairs as a threat to its security • The United States would refrain from participation in European wars and would not disturb existing colonies in the Western Hemisphere

31. Practice Question • Those who supported the War of 1812 advanced all of the following rationales for their positions EXCEPT the • (A) desirability of annexing Canada • (B) need to defend the honor of the United States • (C) need to safeguard the frontier • (D) obligation to protect Native Americans • (E) advisability of acquiring Florida

32. Practice Question • Which of the following did NOT contribute to the United States decision to declare war against Great Britain in 1812? • (A) American military and economic preparedness for war • (B) American concern for national honor • (C) The impressment of American seamen • (D) British interference with United States commerce • (E) American fears of British aid to Native Americans (Indians) on the frontier

33. Practice Question An important reason for the proclamation of the Monroe doctrine was to • (A) end the United States’ alliance with France • (B) displace England as the chief creditor of the Latin-American countries • (C) counter British objections that would arise in any future United States effort to annex the West Indies or Canada • (D) protect republican institutions of government in the Western Hemisphere • (E) prevent French interference in the internal affairs of Mexico