South Carolina Native Americans

1. South Carolina Native Americans SC History 8-1.1 Summarize the culture, political systems, and daily life of the Native Americans of the Eastern Woodlands, including their methods of hunting and farming, their use of natural resources and geographic features, and their relationships with other nations.

2. Chapter 3 South Carolina Native Americans 1527 Spain settlement at San Miguel de Gualdape near Georgetown, SC 1350-1500 European Renaissance 1562 France settlement at Charles Fort near Port Royal, SC Prehistory-Native Americans in America 1492 Columbus Arrives in America

3. Native American Vocabulary • Culture- a way of life • projectile point- a sharpened rock • Rituals- ceremonies • Palisade-a fence of pointed stakes that were 12 to 20 feet high • Hieroglyphics- pictures or symbols used to represent sounds words or ideas

4. Native American Vocabulary • Prehistory- the time before people keep written records • Artifacts- old materials such as arrowheads, broken pots and broken tools • Anthropologists- a person who studies the origin and development of man • Nomads- wanderers who followed their food supply where ever it went. • Culture-way of life

5. Native American Vocabulary • Immunity- natural resistance • Hominy- is a mixture of corn, water, and lye that is cooked for about four hours • Wigwam- a type of circular house

6. Chapter 3 South Carolina Native Americans American Indian Eras Paleo Indians (10,000 B.C.) • Hunter gatherers – hunted large herd animals/gathered plants for food • Used projectile points attached to spears & stone tools • Were NOT farmers Archaic Indians (8,000-2,000 B.C.) • Became less nomadic-more settled • Large animals (mammoth/camels) disappeared, hunted smaller animals (raccoon, turkey, deer, fish, shellfish, turtles…) • Change in tools – smaller spear points, fishing hooks from bone, grinding bowl • Developed pottery = food storage & closer to creation of village

7. Chapter 3 South Carolina Native Americans American Indian Eras Woodland Indians(1000 B.C.) • Development of Agriculture (domestication of plants) & Villages • Farming, Hunting, and Gathering food • Population increased Mississippian Indians (700 A.D.) • Last prehistoric era • Villages with mounds were common • 100 feet high & surrounded by palisades (12-20ft high fence w/ pointed stakes) • Burial place • On top were public buildings, temples, and where the chieftain lived • Hieroglyphics (picture symbols representing sounds, meanings, & ideas)

8. Chapter 3 SC Native Americans • SC Native American Tribes • Were different based on the regions in which they lived & the natural resources available • Cherokee- Blue Ridge & Piedmont Regions • Catawba – Piedmont Region • Yemassee – Coastal Zone Cherokee Catawba Yemassee

9. Chapter 3 SC Native Americans Natural Resources Rocks, Minerals, Rivers, Plants, & Animals • Are different in each geographic region of SC • Had an affect on diet, housing, & travel • The Yemassee had oyster shells and sea- grass, which the Cherokee & Catawba did not have.

10. Chapter 3 SC Native Americans Natural Resources Wood& Animal Skins were natural resources found in all of the regions • ALL 3 South Carolina tribes used wood to build houses, canoes, weapons, & tools • Animal skins had a variety of uses Wigwam roof

11. SC Native Americans Rock, wood, bone, shells, and animal skin were all used for tools, weapons, and building supplies. • Rock and animal bone were commonly used for sharp points for hunting and bows and arrows. • Tree bark and animal skins were used to make houses • The Cherokeelived in wattle and daub style houses of sticks and mud. • The CatawbaandYemasseelived in wigwams of tree bark and deer skins. Chapter 3

12. SC Native Americans Housing Chapter 3 wattle & daub grass or wood woven together & covered in mud The Catawba and Yemassee used a style of house called a wigwam. Cherokee Rectangular summer house A winter house was round & conical

13. Chapter 3 SC Native AmericansNatural Resources Native American villages were often found near water sources – Rivers Drinking, farming, food, and transportation The rolling hills and red-yellow clay, made the land fertile and ideal to develop farming

14. Chapter 3 SC Native AmericansWeapons & Tools • Smaller harder rock - used as drills • for making holes in wood, shells, and other types of stone • Rock used to create farming tools (Garden hoe) and mortars • Shells were carved down to create a sharp edge used for scraping • Shells and bones were used to make combs, jewelry, awls and other tools. • Awl: instrument used to poke holes in animal skins for sewing

15. Chapter 3 SC Native AmericansWeapons & Tools Fire-used as a tool • Used to drive out animals for hunting • To clear a field for farming • cut trees and burned the brush to create farmland • Burn out a log to make a canoe

16. SC Native Americans Eastern Woodland Indians Chapter 3 Eastern because of the East Coast Woodland because of all the forests Hunters and Farmers Mississippian

17. Chapter 3 SC Native Americans Villages mound builders Mounds were used for a variety of reasons: burial places public buildings temples/ceremonial sites houses of the chieftain Mississippian Sautee Nacoochee Valley, GA, Cherokee burial mound Remains of a shell mound, Edisto, SC

18. Chapter 3 SC Native Americans Villages Always located near a water source: Rivers Springs Stream Ocean Palisades- surrounded by tall wooden posts that were sharpened on top Farming was usually done outside the palisades The open space in the middle of the village was used for sports Lacrosse

19. Chapter 3 SC Native AmericansVillages • Government • Cherokee had the most advanced • 7 sided tribal house • Usually located on a mound • Cherokee had representatives from each of the 7 clans meet in the council house with the chieftain • Made decisions for the tribe

20. Chapter 3 SC Native AmericansVillages Cofitachequi • SC Indian town near the Savannah River • Ruled by women • Rich Indian village • Large trade network in Coastal Plain • Large quantities of: • Clothing, deerskins, shoes, pearls, & figures made from pearls

21. Chapter 3 SC Native AmericansCulture 3 Tribes = 3 Language Groups Cherokee- an Iroquoian language group - Did NOT have a written language until early 1800’s Catawba – Siouan language group Yemassee– Muskogean language group - Historians know very little about the Yemassee - A violent tribe - Did not allow observers near to document actions

22. 4. Algonquian • Lived along the Savannah River and included the Savannah and Saludas.

23. Chapter 3 SC Native AmericansCulture Communal environment • All hunted and worked to harvest the food • Shared by everyone in the village • They used all parts of the animal that they killed, for example an animal’s bladder was used to store and carry water. • Land • Belonged to everyone • Could not be owned by one person • Would eventually cause problems with the European Settlers

24. Chapter 3 SC Native AmericansCulture SC Native American Diet Very Simple Yemassee(Low Country/Coast) seafood, wild game, and gathered nuts and berries Cherokee & Catawba Hunted wild game Used wooden fish traps to catch fish in rivers and streams Gathered seeds, nuts, and berries Eventually farmed Fertile soil & domestication of plants Easier than hunting/gathering Possible Yemassee village appearance Fish Trap

25. SC Native AmericansCulture Chapter 3 • The Most Important crops: • Corn • Pole beans • Squash • Together, these crops are known as “The 3 Sisters” • Used corn stalks as poles for the beans • Grew crops of pumpkinsand bottle gourds • Tobacco was grown in rows on separate plots Corn was easily dried and kept for winter food. Gourds were used for bowls and to carry water.

26. SC Native AmericansCulture Chapter 3 European Contact At first contact, Native Americans got along well with European settlers. Because Native Americans viewed the land as belonging to everyone, they were very willing to share food and resources with struggling colonists. Did not take long to change!!

27. SC Native AmericansCulture Chapter 3 Europeans • Thought American Indians to be crude, savage, & uncivilized • Mistreated the Indians and took their land & lives • Indians were enslaved • Some males shipped to West Indies • Native Americans had to fight for survival against disease, wars, and cultural destruction

28. Indian Inventions and Things… • Hammock • Canoe • Snowshoes • Lacrosse • Rubber balls • Popcorn • Chocolate • Tobacco • Baskets

30. South Carolina Map Activity • South Carolina Native American Tribes and Languages • Map Exercise Put the following on your map: • Location of the Three languages • Three major river systems • Cherokee, Catawba, Yamassee, Waccamaw, Congarees, Yuchi • On the back of your map and using an atlas, list at least 5rivers or cities who derived their names from Native Americans.

31. SC Native American Activity • Archeological Dig • Select a 2 writers for your group • Select 2 illustrators for your group • Together, review the items in your bag and determine what each item is and what it was most probably used for in the tribe. • Based upon what you have researched and decided prepare a presentation for the class. Requirements for the presentation can be found on your group table. (Must include: Name of Tribe justified from your artifacts and note guide., The language they speak, customs, housing, and other general information. All from your artifacts and notes guides provided.)