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Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA

FROM NATURAL HAZARDS TO DISASTERS AND DISASTER RESILIENCE A 3-Part Story That Can Take 40 Years or More. Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA.

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Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA

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  1. FROM NATURAL HAZARDS TO DISASTERS AND DISASTER RESILIENCE A 3-Part Story That Can Take 40 Years or More Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA

  2. BASIC PHYSICS and EARTH SCIENCE of NATURAL HAZARDSTOWARDS A DEEPER UNDERSTANDING OF THE PHYSICAL INTERACTIONS THAT CAUSE NATURAL HAZARDS AROUND THE GLOBE PART I

  3. EXPOSURE AND VULNERABILITY HAZARDS DISASTER DISASTER RESILIENCE HAZARDS: NOT AN OPTION FOR CITIES CITY

  4. NATURAL HAZARDS ARE NOT AN OPTION FOR CITIES (PART I) DISASTERS, THE “DEFAULT OPTION” (PART II) AND TO BECOME DISASTER RESILIENT, OR NOT; THAT IS THE QUESTION: (PART III)

  5. PLANET EARTH IS AFFECTED BY A CONTINUUM OF NATURAL HAZARDS EARTHQUAKES TSUNAMIS SEVERE WINDSTORMS VOLCANOES FLOODS WILDFIRES

  6. A DISASTER OCCURS WHEN THE CITY IS … UN—PREPARED UN—PROTECTED UN—ABLE TO RESPOND EFFECTIVELY UN (NON)--RESILIENT

  7. PLATE TECTONICS FAULTS WATER CYCLE SOLAR HEAT EARTHQUAKES TSUNAMIS VOLCANOES FLOODS SEVERE WINDSTORMS WILDFIRES BASIC EARTH SCIENCE

  8. STRESS (Compression, Tension, Shear) DEFORMATION (Faults, Folds) HEAT AND PRESSURE FLOW WAVES (P-, S-, Love-, Rayleigh Waves; Tsunamis) FLOWS, BLASTS, AND PLUMES BASIC PHYSICS

  9. PHYSICALINTERACTIONS OCCUR ON MANY SCALES Microscopic Site-specific to local Subsurface to atmospheric Regional Continental OCEANIC Global

  10. EARTHQUAKES: PHYSICAL INTERACTIONS ENCOMPASS THE LITHOSPHERE, CORE, MANTLE, ASTHENOSPHERE, (HYDROSPHERE) AND BIOSPHERE

  11. HEAT FLOWS FROM THE OUTER CORE

  12. TECTONIC PLATES 200 MILLION YEARS AFTER PANGEA

  13. NORTH AMERICA AND PACIFIC (JUAN DE FUCA) PLATES CONVERGING

  14. NORTH AMERICA AND PACIFIC PLATES SLIDING BY EACH OTHER

  15. San Andreas: A Plate Boundary

  16. WESTERN NORTH AMERICA’S NATURAL HAZARDS • FLOODS • EARTHQUAKES • TSUNAMIS • VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS • WILDFIRES • LANDSLIDES

  17. EASTERN NORTH AMERICA’S NATURAL HAZARDS • FLOODS • HURRICANES • EARTHQUAKES • TORNADOES • ICE STORMS • LANDSLIDES

  18. THE CARIBBEAN PLATE AND HAITI EARTHQUAKE

  19. PACIFIC RIM: SUBDUCTION OF CONVERGING PLATES

  20. MOST EARTHQUAKES OCCUR IN PACIFIC RIM CONVERGENCE ZONE

  21. INDIA-EURASIA: COLLISION OF CONVERGING PLATES

  22. PLATE CONVERGENCE: BANDA ACHE, INDONESIA AREA

  23. THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE

  24. TSUNAMI FAULT RUPTURE DAMAGE/ LOSS SUBSIDENCE DAMAGE/ LOSS DAMAGE/LOSS FOUNDATION FAILURE EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE/ LOSS SOIL AMPLIFICATION DAMAGE/ LOSS LIQUEFACTION DAMAGE/ LOSS LANDSLIDES DAMAGE/ LOSS DAMAGE/LOSS AFTERSHOCKS DAMAGE/ LOSS SEICHE DAMAGE/ LOSS GROUND SHAKING

  25. CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SOIL FAILURE AND SURFACE FAULTING ) IRREGULARITIES IN MASS, STRENGTH, AND STIFFNESS EARTHQUAKES FLOODING FROM TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP AND SEICHE CASE HISTORIES POOR DETAILING OF STRUCTURALSYSTEM FAILURE OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

  26. TSUNAMIS: PHYSICAL INTERACTIONS ENCOMPASS THE LITHOSPHERE, CORE, MANTLE, ASTHENOSPHERE, HYDROSPHERE, AND BIOSPHERE

  27. PHYSICS OF A TSUNAMI

  28. THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF AN TSUNAMI

  29. TSUNAMI HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS) • HIGH-VELOCITY, LONG-PERIOD WATER WAVES • WAVE RUNUP • FLOODING • WAVE RETREAT • SHORELINE EROSION

  30. TSUNAMI WAVE RUN UP

  31. CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS TSUNAMIS FLOODING CASE HISTORIES NO WARNING, OR INADEQUATE WARNING PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI

  32. SEVERE WINDSTORMS HURRICANES/TYPHOONS: PHYSICAL INTERACTIONS OF THE SUN, HYDROSPHERE, ATMOSPHERE, LITHOSPHERE, AND BIOSPHERE

  33. HURRICANE PHYSICS

  34. PHYSICS OF A TYPHOON

  35. HAZARDS OF A SEVERE WINDSTORM (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS) • WIND FIELD (COUNTER CLOCKWISE OR CLOCKWISE DIRECTION; CAT 1 (55 mph) TO CAT 5 (155 mph or greater) • STORM SURGE • HEAVY PRECIPITATION • LANDSLIDES (MUDFLOWS) • COSTAL EROSION • TORNADOES (SOMETIMES)

  36. CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER WIND AND WATER PENETRATE BUILDING ENVELOPE UPLIFT OF ROOF SYSTEM FLYING DEBRIS PENETRATES WINDOWS STORM SURGE AND HEAVY PRECIPITATION SEVERE WINDSTORMS IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN CASE HISTORIES POOR WORKMANSHIP FAILURE OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

  37. Storm Hazards: • Wind pressure • Surge • Rain • Flood • Waves • Salt water • Missiles • Tornadoes • SEVERE WINDSTORMS • INVENTORY • VULNERABILITY • LOCATION • PREPAREDNESS • PROTECTION • EMERGENCY RESPONSE • RECOVERY • EDUCATIONAL SURGES RISK ASSESSMENT POLICY OPTIONS ACCEPTABLE RISK RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK SEVERE WINDSTORM RISK REDUCTION Wind profile DATA BASES AND INFORMATION Gradient Wind Ocean COMMUNITY

  38. VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS: PHYSICAL INTERACTIONS ENCOMPASS THE LITHOSPHERE, CORE, MANTLE, ATMOSPHERE, AND BIOSPHERE

  39. PHYSICS OF AN EXPLOSIVE VOLCANO

  40. ACTIVE VOLCANOES

  41. HAZARDS OF A VOLCANIC ERUPTION

  42. VOLCANO HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS) • VERTICAL PLUME • ASH AND TEPHRA • LATERAL BLAST • PYROCLASTIC FLOWS • LAhARS

  43. CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER PROXIMITY TO LATERAL BLAST IN PATH OF PYROCLASTIC FLOWS IN PATH OF FLYING DEBRIS (TEPHRA) IN PATH OF VOLCANIC ASH (AVIATION) VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS IN PATH OF LAVA AND PYROCLASTIC FLOWS CASE HISTORIES IN PATH OF LAHARS IGNORING WARNING TO EVACUATE

  44. HAZARD MAPS • INVENTORY • VULNERABILITY • LOCATION • PREVENTION-MITIGATION • PREPAREDNESS • EMERGENCY RESPONSE • RECOVERY • ADAPTATION RISK ASSESSMENT POLICY OPTIONS ACCEPTABLE RISK RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK DISASTER RISK REDUCTION DATA BASES AND INFORMATION COMMUNITY HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

  45. FLOODS:PHYSICAL INTERACTIONS ENCOMPASS THE ATMOSPHERE, LITHOSPHERE, HYDROSPHERE, AND BIOSPHERE

  46. FLOOD HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS) • TOO MUCH WATER DISCHARGED WITHIN THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM TO BE ACCOMMODATED NORMALLY IN THE REGIONAL WATER CYCLE • EROSION • SCOUR • MUDFLOWS

  47. CAUSES OF DAMAGE AND DISASTER LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN INUNDATION INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS STRUCTURAL/CONTENTS DAMAGE FROM WATER FLOODS WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS) CASE HISTORIES EROSION AND MUDFLOWS CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER

  48. WILDFIRES:PHYSICAL INTERACTIONS ENCOMPASS THE ATMOSPHERE, LITHOSPHERE, AND BIOSPHERE

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